Obesity is associated almost exclusively with age ≥ 50 years. As a result, obesity tends to be less of a public health problem in older adults compared with younger adults.
Over 32 million Americans are obese as of 2013, up from 30 million in 2007. Over a third of American adults aged ≥45 are overweight on the 2007-2013 estimates. In the first decade of the 21st century, obesity has risen faster than previously thought.
Obesity is a serious public-health issue in the United States. The causes of obesity are complex and often unpredictable. Preventing and treating obesity requires the coordinated efforts of many health professionals, health educators, policy makers, and the general public to effectively communicate information about the risks and benefits of lifestyle changes.
There are a variety of treatments for obesity. These include Diet, Behaviour Therapy, and Physical Activity. Weight loss is common among those who had a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. These groups may include those obese at an early age. At present there is no evidence that bariatric surgery is safe over the long term. These measures alone do not improve life expectancy.
There is the belief that obesity can be cured that is not supported by scientific evidence. Although there are many causes of obesity-related health risks, only a subset of those could be amenable to cure as opposed to a prevention strategy. There appears to be a discrepancy between the belief that obesity can be cured and the lack of progress. There is also the reality that patients with obesity-related morbidities will never need to lose weight for their health conditions to improve. Therefore, the belief that the obese can lose weight to improve their health is unrealistic. One of the reasons that is so difficult to change is that obesity is so socially unacceptable.
There are many possible causes of obesity. Reduced physical activity, changes in brain function which affect neural systems involved in decision making, altered autonomic and hormonal nervous system functions, and inadequate energy intake are all suspected contributors. The precise cause of obesity is still unclear. Research is underway to investigate a fuller understanding of obesity.\n
Obesity increases the risk of developing high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. In contrast to BMI as a surrogate marker for obesity, waist circumference appears a more specific screening tool for cardiovascular risk assessment.
Message choice has an impact on the message content that patients receive, which is important for patients who want to gain the information necessary to make informed decisions about their weight management plan. Patients who receive weight gain information and counseling as well as recommendations about dieting choices may decide that dieting is a more appropriate strategy to reduce their BMI.
A significant number of trials have concluded that a drug or other form of therapy has no significant effect on body weight. However, several medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration are available to treat obesity, such as orlistat (Pantobella), sibutramine (Meridia), phentermine (Adipex), and sibutramine (Meridia).
This review supports and builds on previous reviews on MMS. However, the limited sample in this review means it cannot be concluded whether or not a MMS is more effective in a particular population.
Eating more than usual is a major factor in causing obesity, but factors beyond overeating are probably equally important. One study concluded that ‘obesity is largely determined by the relative contribution of calories obtained from solid foods and from fluids.’ Other studies suggest that ‘fiber’ is an extra ingredient, something found in solid foods that increases feeling full and therefore can be seen as causing obesity.
Findings from a recent study of this study suggest that a 'no-smoking' message, as opposed to a positive message that involves health advice such as stopping smoking, may be the more effective anti-smoking message for people.