Treatment for Cronobacter Infections
This study is evaluating whether a new antibiotic called Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam (IMI/REL) is effective in treating Klebsiella Producing Carbapenemase Enterobacteriaceae
See full descriptionAbout the trial for Cronobacter Infections
Treatment Groups
This trial involves a single treatment. Treatment is the primary treatment being studied. Participants will all receive the same treatment. There is no placebo group. The treatments being tested are in Phase 4 and have been shown to be safe and effective in humans.
Eligibility
This trial is for patients born any sex aged 18 and older. There are 4 eligibility criteria to participate in this trial as listed below.
Approximate Timelines
Measurement Requirements
This trial is evaluating whether Treatment will improve 2 primary outcomes and 6 secondary outcomes in patients with Cronobacter Infections. Measurement will happen over the course of 30 days.
Patient Q & A Section
What is cronobacter infections?
Cronobacter spp are Gram positive, saprophytic pathogens that usually cause neonatal intestinal infection or bacteremia in newborns. They are part of the normal microbiota of fecal material but they are not normally found in food.\n
What are the signs of cronobacter infections?
CRP can be elevated but a negative Lactate dehydrogenase may be the first sign of a CRP that is due to a Gram negative infecting bacterium. The finding of a positive skin test may also be an early manifestation. Early referral to a paediatric emergency department is recommended for those with any of these signs when it is indicated that the bacterium is likely to be the cause.
What causes cronobacter infections?
It has been hypothesised that cronobacteriosis develops as the direct consequence of intestinal colonization by gram-negative bacilli that causes bacterial-mediated tissue damage in the gastrointestinal tract of a susceptible host. This damage leads to a compensatory increase in intestinal lactobacillary counts that, by some of the unknown means, stimulates the intestinal B cell IgA system to produce IgA against the intestinal bacilli, causing a more rapid establishment of the pathogen in the gut mucosal lamina propria. The consequent intestinal tissue damage causes impaired cell-mediated immunity and thus permits the persistence of the pathogen in the gastrointestinal tract.
How many people get cronobacter infections a year in the United States?
This article presents the first survey of CBA detected cases in the United States. At least 20,000 cases occurred each year, with an estimated overall mortality rate of 9%. These are cases that would not have been diagnosed under the current "case definition." The incidence, however, is far higher than the previously reported numbers from Europe and Canada. These data, although somewhat speculative, are important for public health professionals who must estimate the number of CBA infections that occur each year in the United States. The prevalence of CBA infections is in the range previously reported from the United States and Canada.
What are common treatments for cronobacter infections?
The most common treatments are used in addition to antibiotics for either hospital-acquired or community-acquired cronobacter infections. However, there is still an overlap of many drugs that can be used. While some patients can be treated with simple antibiotics alone, in others, the use of medications in addition to antibiotics or in cases of resistance is more effective. Although the data available in the literature on treatment has its limitations, due to a relatively small sample size, this review is only a guide to treatment of cronobacter infections.
Can cronobacter infections be cured?
Currently no curative treatment has been approved to cure cranobacter infections. Patients are treated with either antibiotics, probiotics, or immunotherapy to manage their symptoms. However, in patients with cranobacter infections that were diagnosed in adolescence, the infection may have progressed to adulthood and may be more difficult to treat. The treatments are mostly palliative, and patients typically have a poor prognosis. Until a curative treatment for cranobacter infections is approved and proven to work, patients must rely on their physicians to manage their pain and symptoms. You can find the most recent medical articles that discuss cranobacter infections by using [Power](http://withpower.
Has treatment proven to be more effective than a placebo?
Although treatment has been shown to be more effective than a placebo, this study shows that this treatment is not universally more effective than placebo treatment in all people with an infection by a strain of C. difficile. Findings from a recent study are relevant because an infection by C. difficile may be more serious than other infections, and treatment with a viable therapy may not be as effective in people with a chronic infection when the treatment will be stopped.
Is treatment typically used in combination with any other treatments?
Treatment of a bacterial infection and a viral infection by a combination of treatments may be associated with a lower rate of treatment failure than treatment with a single treatment.
What does treatment usually treat?
Only the most common infections and the top three conditions were identified; even though there is often limited coverage, there were many conditions in the top 10, including 5 with potential to be treated by antibiotics (bacterial infections or a respiratory infection requiring antibiotics and/or a respiratory infection causing pneumonia). These data suggest an opportunity to improve coverage of some conditions. Future priorities should focus on the top 10 conditions to treat, some of which can be treated as outpatients, including respiratory tract infections, skin conditions, and urinary tract infections.
What are the latest developments in treatment for therapeutic use?
There are several new and exciting therapies in development that are intended specifically to treat infectious diseases. But, while promising, these treatments may not be fully developed yet. It is estimated that [a new therapy to treat a disease is only produced every 20 years or so, at most]. The process of filing a new drug with the U.S. Food and Drug Authority (FDA) often takes a minimum of 14 years and, at that point, it is no longer in the public interest to take risks on new medicines or treatments for infectious diseases. So, it may be a long time until a fully developed new therapeutic option is available.
How serious can cronobacter infections be?
This is the first study that examines the outcome if the infection is unrecognized or not treated, which is a highly important issue for doctors and nurses in the intensive-care unit, since most of patients are already critically ill when they experience a cronobacter infection.
How does treatment work?
Data from a recent study indicate that ciliary-dependent innate defences could control bacterial killing. The absence of CRY1/2 can explain the lack of protection against lethal infection by Cronobacter spp. We suggest that this result is consistent with a model for regulation of phagocytosis in which signalling mechanisms oppose killing, or at least restrain it.