Methenamine Hippurate

At least ten percent of patients have postpartum urinary retention or difficulty urinating after birth, which can cause incontinence and other urinary problems long-term. After getting an epidural placed, patients should be numb in their pelvic region. This numbness makes it difficult to feel the need to urinate, so patients need a urinary catheter placed to empty the bladder. Some patients have one catheter placed throughout their labor and others have a catheter placed to empty the bladder then removed every few hours. The investigators are studying whether placing a catheter once or catheterizing multiple times affects the rate of postpartum urinary problems and infection.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a common antibiotic called trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) can help prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children and young adults who recently had a kidney transplant. Most people take TMP-SMX for about 6 months after getting a kidney transplant. In this study, researchers want to see what happens if people keep taking it for 6 more months. The main questions this study is asking are: * Does TMP-SMX lower the number of UTIs in the first year after transplant? * What side effects or problems do participants have while taking TMP-SMX? Researchers will compare TMP-SMX to a placebo (a look-alike pill that does not contain any medication) to see if TMP-SMX works to prevent UTIs. Participants will: * Take either TMP-SMX or a placebo pill by mouth every day for 6 months * Have three visits to touch base with the study team about any issues * Complete short monthly online surveys about any symptoms or side effects * Share blood and urine test results from their regular transplant clinic visits

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare methenamine hippurate prophylaxis to routine antibiotic prophylaxis following onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX-A) injections in women with overactive bladder (OAB). Participants will be randomly selected to receive one of the two post-procedural prophylaxis medications. The primary outcome measure will be urinary tract infection (UTI) rates within 30 days from the BOTOX-A procedure. Secondary outcomes will assess patient satisfaction with the two post-procedural prophylaxis medications.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-month study to determine the effectiveness of D-mannose (2g daily) supplementation in rUTI (recurrent urinary tract infection) prevention in post-menopausal women.

Intradetrusor injection of onabotulinumtoxinA, which is performed through a cystoscopic procedure, has been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment of both neurogenic and non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB), and is FDA approved as a treatment for overactive bladder. Intradetrusor of onabotulinumtoxinA is currently standard of care of patients with OAB who have persistent OAB symptoms despite behavioral therapies and oral medication treatments for OAB. As one of the main adverse events associated with intradetrusor injection of onabotulinumtoxinA is UTI, and published guidelines for cystoscopic procedures with manipulation recommend the use of prophylactic antibiotics, a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic is administered prior to this procedure. However, these recommendations are primarily based on data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving antimicrobial prophylaxis during transurethral resection of the prostate. A previously published prospective study demonstrated that the rate of post-procedural UTI did not differ amongst patients with neurogenic bladder who did not receive prophylactic antibiotics and were asymptomatic for UTI, regardless of whether they had sterile urine cultures or asymptomatic bacteriuria, suggesting that patients who are not symptomatic for UTI may not require antibiotic prophylaxis prior to intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injection. Studies have reported that up to 50% of antibiotic usage is inappropriate, leading to unnecessary exposure of patients to potential complications of antibiotic therapy, including Clostridium difficile infection which can cause recurrent diarrhea that may progress to sepsis and death, increasing antibiotic resistances, as well as dermal/allergic and gastro-intestinal manifestations. Therefore, in an effort to optimize antibiotic use, the investigators propose a prospective, randomized study to formally evaluate the differences in UTI frequency in subjects who have a negative urinalysis and are not symptomatic for UTI and receive prophylactic antibiotics at the time of intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injection compared to those who do not receive prophylactic antibiotics at the time of injection. The proposed study seeks to evaluate the current practice standard of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxin injection.