Pennsaid

Contusions, Pain, Photophobia + 54 more
Treatment
10 FDA approvals
20 Active Studies for Pennsaid

What is Pennsaid

DiclofenacThe Generic name of this drug
Treatment SummaryDiclofenac is an anti-inflammatory medication used to treat pain and inflammation. It is a non-steroidal drug that works by blocking the production of certain enzymes responsible for causing inflammation and pain. Diclofenac is usually prescribed as first line treatment for acute and chronic pain and inflammation. It can be taken alone or in combination with other drugs to prevent ulcers caused by long-term use. Diclofenac was first approved by the FDA in 1988 and is sold under the brand name Voltaren.
Voltarenis the brand name
image of different drug pills on a surface
Pennsaid Overview & Background
Brand Name
Generic Name
First FDA Approval
How many FDA approvals?
Voltaren
Diclofenac
1988
767

Approved as Treatment by the FDA

Diclofenac, also called Voltaren, is approved by the FDA for 10 uses including Pain and Osteoarthritis (OA) .
Pain
Helps manage Pain
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Used to treat Osteoarthritis (OA) in combination with Misoprostol
Stomach Ulcer
Used to treat develop NSAID-induced gastric ulcers in combination with Misoprostol
Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Used to treat Osteoarthritis of the Knee in combination with Capsaicin
Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Used to treat Osteoarthritis of the Knee in combination with Capsaicin
Osteoarthritis
Used to treat Osteoarthritis (OA) in combination with Misoprostol
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cataract Surgery
Postoperative Inflammatory Response
Chronic Pain
Helps manage Pain

Effectiveness

How Pennsaid Affects PatientsDiclofenac helps to reduce inflammation which in turn reduces pain and fever. However, it can increase the risk of getting an ulcer in the stomach because it reduces the protective mucus that is produced there.
How Pennsaid works in the bodyDiclofenac works by stopping the production of molecules called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins increase nerve firing, causing both pain and inflammation. Diclofenac blocks the receptors for these molecules, reducing their effect. It also reduces the body's ability to create a fever, by blocking the receptors that cause heat-generation and heat-loss in the hypothalamus. Finally, it stops T-helper cells from activating and differentiating, which is believed to play a role in arthritis.

When to interrupt dosage

The advised dosage of Pennsaid is contingent upon the diagnosed affliction, including Joint Pain, Postoperative Inflammatory Response and Osteoarthritis (OA). The portion of dosage is contingent upon the technique of delivery (e.g. Cream; Kit; Solution or Kit; Oil; Solution / drops) illustrated in the following table.
Condition
Dosage
Administration
Contusions
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Pain
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Photophobia
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Muscle Pain
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Postoperative
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Inflammation
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Chronic Pain
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Postoperative Pain
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Arthralgia
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Catarrh
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Pericarditis
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Pain
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Fever
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Acute Coryza
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
corneal refractive surgery
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Osteoarthritis of the Knee
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Cataract Surgery
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Arthritis, Gouty
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical
Pain
100.0 mg, , 1.0 mg/mL, 50.0 mg, 75.0 mg, 16.05 mg/mL, 3.5 mg/mL, 25.0 mg, 0.01 mg/mg, 180.0 mg, 0.018 mg/mg, 1.0 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 1.5 %, 30.0 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mg, 2.32 %, 1.16 %, 37.5 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mg, 18.0 mg, 35.0 mg, 0.3 mg/mg, 10.0 mg, 1000.0 mg, 10.0 mg/mL, 12.5 mg, 0.015 mg/mg, 100.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mg, 5.7 mg/mg, 13.0 mg, 0.013 mg, 0.001 mg/mg
, Oral, Tablet, film coated, extended release, Tablet, film coated, extended release - Oral, Ophthalmic, Solution, Solution - Ophthalmic, Tablet, delayed release, Tablet, delayed release - Oral, Topical, Solution - Topical, Tablet, Tablet - Oral, Powder, for solution, Powder, for solution - Oral, Solution / drops, Solution / drops - Ophthalmic, Tablet, film coated, Tablet, film coated - Oral, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Gel, Gel - Topical, Tablet, extended release, Tablet, extended release - Oral, Patch, Patch - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Rectal, Suppository, Suppository - Rectal, Liquid - Ophthalmic, Kit, Aerosol, metered - Topical, Aerosol, metered, Kit - Topical, Tablet, sugar coated, Tablet, sugar coated - Oral, Intravenous, Injection, solution, Injection, solution - Intravenous, Capsule, Capsule - Oral, Cream, Cream - Topical, Powder - Oral, Transdermal, Solution / drops - Transdermal, Oral; Topical, Kit - Oral; Topical, Sublingual, Tablet, coated, Tablet, coated - Oral, Drug delivery system, Drug delivery system - Topical

Warnings

Pennsaid has twenty-nine contraindications, so it must not be taken when encountering any of the conditions mentioned in the following table.Pennsaid Contraindications
Condition
Risk Level
Notes
Pulse Frequency
Do Not Combine
Pulse Frequency
Do Not Combine
Heart failure
Do Not Combine
Crohn's Disease
Do Not Combine
recent history of anal bleeding
Do Not Combine
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Do Not Combine
Gastritis
Do Not Combine
inflammatory lesions of the Rectum
Do Not Combine
active Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Do Not Combine
Pulse Frequency
Do Not Combine
Pulse Frequency
Do Not Combine
active Gastrointestinal Perforation
Do Not Combine
Duodenal Ulcer
Do Not Combine
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Do Not Combine
Severe Hepatic Impairment
Do Not Combine
Ulcerative Colitis
Do Not Combine
Liver Diseases
Do Not Combine
Stroke
Do Not Combine
Third trimester of pregnancy
Do Not Combine
Hematochezia
Do Not Combine
Kidney Failure
Do Not Combine
Kidney Failure
Do Not Combine
Anus
Do Not Combine
Ulcer
Do Not Combine
damaged skin
Do Not Combine
Gastric ulcer
Do Not Combine
Peptic Ulcer
Do Not Combine
Hyperkalemia
Do Not Combine
Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions
Do Not Combine
Diclofenac may interact with Pulse Frequency
There are 20 known major drug interactions with Pennsaid.
Common Pennsaid Drug Interactions
Drug Name
Risk Level
Description
Brigatinib
Major
The metabolism of Brigatinib can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac.
Cabazitaxel
Major
The metabolism of Cabazitaxel can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac.
Cyclophosphamide
Major
The metabolism of Cyclophosphamide can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac.
Enasidenib
Major
The metabolism of Enasidenib can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac.
Erlotinib
Major
The metabolism of Erlotinib can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac.
Pennsaid Toxicity & Overdose RiskAn overdose of Voltaren may cause symptoms such as fatigue, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. In rare cases, high blood pressure, kidney failure, difficulty breathing, or coma may occur. If a Voltaren overdose occurs, supportive care should be provided and vomiting may be induced and activated charcoal administered if the overdose occurred within the last 4 hours.
image of a doctor in a lab doing drug, clinical research

Pennsaid Novel Uses: Which Conditions Have a Clinical Trial Featuring Pennsaid?

At present, 491 active trials are being conducted to investigate the potential of Pennsaid for alleviating Inflammation, Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty and Osteoarthritis of the Knee.
Condition
Clinical Trials
Trial Phases
Inflammation
64 Actively Recruiting
Not Applicable, Early Phase 1, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, Phase 4
Rheumatoid Arthritis
53 Actively Recruiting
Not Applicable, Phase 4, Phase 3, Phase 2, Phase 1
Chronic Pain
141 Actively Recruiting
Phase 1, Phase 2, Not Applicable, Phase 4, Phase 3, Early Phase 1
Osteoarthritis of the Knee
95 Actively Recruiting
Not Applicable, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, Phase 4, Early Phase 1
Dysmenorrhea
0 Actively Recruiting
Muscle Pain
1 Actively Recruiting
Phase 4
Conjunctivitis
0 Actively Recruiting
Musculoskeletal System
1 Actively Recruiting
Not Applicable
corneal refractive surgery
0 Actively Recruiting
Postoperative Inflammatory Response
1 Actively Recruiting
Phase 4
Photophobia
4 Actively Recruiting
Not Applicable
Postoperative Pain
18 Actively Recruiting
Phase 4, Not Applicable, Phase 2, Phase 1, Early Phase 1, Phase 3
Pain
3 Actively Recruiting
Not Applicable
Stomach Ulcer
0 Actively Recruiting
Rheumatism
0 Actively Recruiting
Juvenile arthritis
11 Actively Recruiting
Phase 2, Phase 1, Not Applicable, Phase 3
radial keratotomy
0 Actively Recruiting
Joints
0 Actively Recruiting
Pericarditis
0 Actively Recruiting
Acute Coryza
0 Actively Recruiting

Pennsaid Reviews: What are patients saying about Pennsaid?

5Patient Review
3/14/2018
Pennsaid for Osteoarthritis of the Knee
I started seeing results after just two weeks of use. The swelling in my right knee went down and I could bear weight on it again. This is a great treatment that I would definitely recommend to others.
5Patient Review
6/18/2018
Pennsaid for Osteoarthritis of the Knee
I don't usually leave reviews, but I felt compelled to in this case. This treatment has given me more relief than anything else I've tried for my painful knees. I can now walk down stairs normally instead of having to take each step one at a time. It might not work for everyone, but it's definitely worth a shot!
4.7Patient Review
4/5/2017
Pennsaid for Joint Damage causing Pain and Loss of Function
I found relief for my aching wrists by applying this treatment from my wrist to the end of my thumbs on both hands. I noticed that after about half an hour, it was necessary to wash off the medication and apply eucerin cream to avoid redness and peeling.
2.7Patient Review
8/30/2021
Pennsaid for Osteoarthritis of the Knee
While this treatment may improve quality of life for some, I found the results to be hardly noticeable. If not for insurance, I wouldn't continue using it given the price point.
2.3Patient Review
4/19/2017
Pennsaid for Osteoarthritis of the Knee
I have chrondromalsia in both my knees and this medication did nothing to help, despite applying it three times a day. No side effects or relief. Bengay works better. Don't waste your money on this one.
View All Reviews
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Patient Q&A Section about pennsaid

These questions and answers are submitted by anonymous patients, and have not been verified by our internal team.

What are the side effects of Pennsaid?

"or

skin irritation (e.g., dryness, redness, stinging, itching, scaling, hives, swelling), drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, stomach pain, upset stomach, indigestion, or diarrhea."

Answered by AI

What is Pennsaid used to treat?

"Pennsaid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is applied to the skin. It is used to treat the pain of osteoarthritis of the knee."

Answered by AI

Is Pennsaid same as Voltaren?

"Are Voltaren Gel and Pennsaid the Same Thing? Voltaren Gel and Pennsaid are both topical gel NSAIDs used to treat osteoarthritis pain in the joints, such as the hands and knees."

Answered by AI

How long does it take Pennsaid to start working?

"The full effect of this drug may not be felt for up to two weeks of regular use for certain conditions, like arthritis. If you're only using the drug as needed, keep in mind that pain medications are most effective when taken at the first sign of pain."

Answered by AI

Clinical Trials for Pennsaid

Have you considered Pennsaid clinical trials? We made a collection of clinical trials featuring Pennsaid, we think they might fit your search criteria.
Have you considered Pennsaid clinical trials? We made a collection of clinical trials featuring Pennsaid, we think they might fit your search criteria.
Have you considered Pennsaid clinical trials? We made a collection of clinical trials featuring Pennsaid, we think they might fit your search criteria.
Unbiased ResultsWe believe in providing patients with all the options.
Your Data Stays Your DataWe only share your information with the clinical trials you're trying to access.
Verified Trials OnlyAll of our trials are run by licensed doctors, researchers, and healthcare companies.
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