Retin-A
mottled hyperpigmentation, Alopecia, Hyperpigmentation + 14 more
Treatment
2 FDA approvals
16 Active Studies for Retin-A
Treatment for
mottled hyperpigmentation
What is Retin-A
Tretinoin
The Generic name of this drug
Treatment Summary
Tretinoin, also known as ATRA, is a form of Vitamin A. It is used to regulate cell growth and treat skin conditions like acne and photo damage. It is also used to treat keratinization disorders such as ichthyosis and keratosis follicularis. In addition, it is an important anti-cancer drug used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
Tretinoin Cream
is the brand name
Retin-A Overview & Background
Brand Name
Generic Name
First FDA Approval
How many FDA approvals?
Tretinoin Cream
Tretinoin
1973
185
Approved as Treatment by the FDA
Tretinoin, also known as Tretinoin Cream, is approved by the FDA for 2 uses including Alopecia and Alopecia .
Alopecia
Used to treat Alopecia in combination with Minoxidil
Alopecia
Used to treat Alopecia in combination with Minoxidil
Effectiveness
How Retin-A Affects Patients
Tretinoin, also known as ATRA (all-trans-retinoic acid), is a form of vitamin A. It helps control how cells reproduce, grow, and develop. It is used to treat acne, sun-damaged skin, and certain skin conditions like ichthyosis or keratosis follicularis. It can also be used as an anti-cancer drug to treat a type of blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
How Retin-A works in the body
Tretinoin works by affecting the retinoic acid receptors in the body. It helps reduce acne by increasing cell turnover in the follicles, making it easier for comedones to be shed. It also has anti-cancer effects, as it can cause cells from acute promyelocytic leukemia and squamous cell cancers to mature. The exact mechanism of action for these cancer fighting effects is unknown.
When to interrupt dosage
The proposed dosage of Retin-A is contingent upon the characterized condition, including Alopecia, Chloasma and Chloasma. The amount of dosage differs, as per the method of administration delineated in the table beneath.
Condition
Dosage
Administration
Fine Wrinkles
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
mottled hyperpigmentation
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Alopecia
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Hyperpigmentation
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
tactile roughness of facial skin
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
severe, recalcitrant Cystic acne
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Chloasma
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Chloasma
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Dermatologic disorders
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Acne Vulgaris
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
benzyl violet
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
sun avoidance program
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Skin
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
sun avoidance measures
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Hand
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
keratinization disorders of the feet
, 0.0005 mg/mg, 0.001 mg/mg, 0.00025 mg/mg, 0.000375 mg/mg, 0.00075 mg/mg, 0.0001 mg/mg, 0.0002 mg/mg, 0.00005 mg/mg, 0.000025 mg/mg, 0.0004 mg/mg, 0.4 mL/mg, 0.001 mL/mg, 10.0 mg, 0.00001 mg/mg, 0.1 %, 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.01 %, 0.04 %, 0.00004 mg/mg, 0.0008 mg/mg, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.0006 mg/mg, 2.5 mg/mg, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.0025 mg/mg, 0.000015 mg/mg, 0.0000075 mg/mg
, Gel, Gel - Topical, Topical, Cream, Cream - Topical, Kit, Oral, Capsule - Oral, Capsule, Liquid, Liquid - Topical, Solution, Solution - Topical, Capsule, liquid filled, Capsule, liquid filled - Oral, Emulsion, Lotion, Lotion - Topical, Emulsion - Topical, Kit - Topical
Warnings
Retin-A Contraindications
Condition
Risk Level
Notes
Pulse Frequency
Do Not Combine
Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions
Do Not Combine
Tretinoin may interact with Pulse Frequency
There are 20 known major drug interactions with Retin-A.
Common Retin-A Drug Interactions
Drug Name
Risk Level
Description
2-Methoxyethanol
Major
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tretinoin is combined with 2-Methoxyethanol.
9-(N-methyl-L-isoleucine)-cyclosporin A
Major
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tretinoin is combined with 9-(N-methyl-L-isoleucine)-cyclosporin A.
Abetimus
Major
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tretinoin is combined with Abetimus.
Acteoside
Major
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tretinoin is combined with Acteoside.
Aldosterone
Major
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tretinoin is combined with Aldosterone.
Retin-A Novel Uses: Which Conditions Have a Clinical Trial Featuring Retin-A?
65 active clinical trials are currently in progress to explore the potential of Retin-A to treat Chloasma, Acne and Alopecia.
Condition
Clinical Trials
Trial Phases
Chloasma
0 Actively Recruiting
Alopecia
14 Actively Recruiting
Early Phase 1, Not Applicable, Phase 3, Phase 2, Phase 1
mottled hyperpigmentation
0 Actively Recruiting
severe, recalcitrant Cystic acne
0 Actively Recruiting
keratinization disorders of the feet
0 Actively Recruiting
tactile roughness of facial skin
0 Actively Recruiting
Skin
0 Actively Recruiting
Dermatologic disorders
0 Actively Recruiting
Hyperpigmentation
0 Actively Recruiting
Fine Wrinkles
0 Actively Recruiting
Hand
0 Actively Recruiting
Chloasma
0 Actively Recruiting
sun avoidance measures
0 Actively Recruiting
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
0 Actively Recruiting
Acne Vulgaris
3 Actively Recruiting
Phase 1, Phase 2, Early Phase 1, Phase 4
benzyl violet
0 Actively Recruiting
sun avoidance program
0 Actively Recruiting
Retin-A Reviews: What are patients saying about Retin-A?
5
Patient Review
2/28/2010
Retin-A for Acne
5
Patient Review
8/18/2010
Retin-A for Acne
4.7
Patient Review
12/4/2021
Retin-A for Acne
4.3
Patient Review
11/9/2013
Retin-A for Acne
4.3
Patient Review
10/29/2010
Retin-A for Acne
3.7
Patient Review
10/19/2015
Retin-A for Acne
2.3
Patient Review
2/22/2017
Retin-A for Acne
2
Patient Review
1/26/2010
Retin-A for Acne
1.3
Patient Review
1/21/2016
Retin-A for Acne
Patient Q&A Section about retin-a
These questions and answers are submitted by anonymous patients, and have not been verified by our internal team.
Is Retin-A and retinol the same thing?
"Retin-A and retinol are both forms of vitamin A that help promote skin renewal. Retin-A eliminates the buildup of dead skin cells, unclogs pores, and promotes the production of healthy, new skin cells. Unlike retinol, Retin-A is already in retinoic acid form, so the skin does not need to convert it."
Answered by AI
How do I get Retin-A?
"Tretinoin Cream is available only with a prescription because it is stronger than over-the-counter retinol products. After reviewing your medical history, Nurx medical providers will prescribe Tretinoin Cream if appropriate. Nurx ships your prescription privately, safely, and discreetly through the mail."
Answered by AI
Do I need A prescription for Retin-A?
"Retin-A is a prescription-only topical medicine that is applied sparingly to the facial skin, avoiding the eyelids, corners of the nose and lips. It works at the cellular level and takes several months to see the full effect."
Answered by AI
What does Retin-A do to your skin?
"Retin-A is a form of vitamin A that helps the skin renew itself. The Retin-A and Avita brands of tretinoin are used to treat acne. The Renova brand of tretinoin is used to reduce the appearance of fine wrinkles and mottled skin discoloration, and to make rough facial skin feel smoother."
Answered by AI