Naps for Infant Memory Development

Age: < 18

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Academic

Sponsor: University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Disqualifiers: Premature birth, Developmental delays, Visual disability, others

No Placebo Group All trial participants will receive the active study treatment (no placebo)

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 8

100 Participants Needed

Trial Summary

What is the purpose of this trial?

This study is designed to investigate developmental changes in naps and nap function on memory from 9 to 15 months of age. Memory is measured by a task in which the experimenter interacts with a toy and the measure of memory is whether the child imitates that action when given the toy. Sleep is assessed with a watch that detects motion which provides an estimate of sleep and a set of electrodes placed on the head that measures brain activity during sleep. Infants are recruited at 9 months and sleep and memory are measured again 3- and 6-months later. At each visit, memory is tested before and after a nap (either the morning or afternoon nap) and naps are recorded with the sleep electrodes.

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

The trial information does not specify whether participants must stop taking their current medications.

What data supports the effectiveness of the treatment Biphasic Sleep, Segmented Sleep, Bimodal Sleep, Polyphasic Sleep in infancy for memory development?

Research shows that infants who take two naps a day, rather than one, have better memory retention. Studies also indicate that naps help consolidate memories, making them stronger and less likely to be forgotten. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Is napping safe for infants and young children?

Research on naps in infants and young children suggests that napping is generally safe and can support memory development. Studies have shown that naps can help with emotional memory processing, memory retention, and word learning without indicating any safety concerns. ^{1 2 6 7 8}

How does the treatment of naps for infant memory development differ from other treatments?

This treatment is unique because it involves using two naps per day to enhance memory retention in infants, rather than relying on medications or other interventions. The study found that taking both morning and afternoon naps helps infants remember better, highlighting the importance of nap timing and frequency for memory development. ^{1 5 9 10 11}

Eligibility Criteria

This trial is for infants aged 9 to 15 months to explore how napping affects their memory. Infants must be healthy with no sleep disorders like narcolepsy. They'll wear a motion-detecting watch and have electrodes on their head during naps at the study visits, which happen every three months.

Inclusion Criteria

Infants must be willing and able to return for testing in 3 and 6 months (e.g., no plans to move out of the area)

My child is 9 months old.

My baby was born with a normal weight and at full term.

Exclusion Criteria

Infants with a score <85 on cognitive and language composite scales and/or <80 on the average of the two composites of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Fourth Edition (BSID-IV) administered at the first session

Infants with motor development (gross and fine motor) assessed using the BSID-IV, and an adjusted cutoff of 73 will be used to exclude infants with significant motor delays

Infants receiving services due to developmental delays

Timeline

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

4 days

1 visit (in-person)

Initial Assessment

Infants are fitted with an actigraph watch and caregivers complete questionnaires

4 days

1 visit (in-person)

Wave 1 (9 months)

Infants undergo memory tasks and nap/wake conditions are tested

1 week

2 visits (in-person)

Wave 2 (12 months)

Procedures from Wave 1 are repeated at 12 months

1 week

2 visits (in-person)

Wave 3 (15 months)

Procedures from Wave 1 are repeated at 15 months

1 week

2 visits (in-person)

Follow-up

Participants are monitored for memory accuracy and developmental changes

3 months

Treatment Details

Interventions

• Biphasic Sleep

Trial Overview The study tests if there's a change in how babies remember things before and after they nap. Researchers will see if the way infants imitate actions with toys changes over time, from ages 9 to 15 months, by observing them before and after morning or afternoon naps.

Participant Groups

Group I: Wake (non-nap) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Wake is promoted

Group II: Nap Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Naps are promoted

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Lead Sponsor

Trials

83

Recruited

3,474,000+

University of Maryland, College Park

Collaborator

Trials

163

Recruited

46,800+

Findings from Research

Infants who took both morning and afternoon naps showed better memory retention compared to those who stayed awake in the morning, indicating that two naps per day are beneficial for memory development at 9 months of age.

The study found that morning wakefulness negatively impacted memory retention after an afternoon nap, suggesting that skipping the morning nap can disrupt the relationship between nap physiology and memory performance.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation. Mason, GM., Kurdziel, LBF., Spencer, RMC.[2022]

Polysomnography (PSG) is a valuable tool for studying how sleep, particularly naps, aids memory consolidation in early childhood, as it provides detailed insights into sleep quality and architecture.

The study protocol combines PSG with behavioral assessments and parent reports to effectively evaluate the impact of sleep on memory performance in preschool children, highlighting the transition from biphasic to monophasic sleep patterns.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood. Allard, T., Riggins, T., Ewell, A., et al.[2021]

Infants spend a significant amount of their first year sleeping, and recent studies suggest that this sleep plays a crucial role in how they process and store memories.

Timely and extended napping is linked to better memory encoding and long-term storage, indicating that sleep is essential for forming knowledge networks in infants.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The effect of napping and nighttime sleep on memory in infants. Konrad, C., Seehagen, S.[2021]

Classroom naps significantly enhance memory retention in preschool children, particularly for those who nap regularly, compared to equivalent time spent awake.

Physiological recordings indicate that sleep spindles during naps play a crucial role in memory performance, suggesting that short naps are important for effective learning in early childhood.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sleep spindles in midday naps enhance learning in preschool children. Kurdziel, L., Duclos, K., Spencer, RM.[2021]

Infants who napped shortly after training (Nap First group) showed significantly better learning outcomes, requiring fewer prompts and solving a task faster than those who napped later (Delay First group).

This study suggests that timely naps are crucial for memory consolidation in newly-walking infants, indicating that sleep not only protects memories but actively enhances learning.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nap timing makes a difference: Sleeping sooner rather than later after learning improves infants' locomotor problem solving. DeMasi, A., Horger, MN., Allia, AM., et al.[2022]

A study involving 63 preschool children found that naps can initially destabilize emotional memories, which may help prepare them for better consolidation during overnight sleep.

When children napped after learning emotional information, they recognized fewer negative faces if they had to complete an interference task, suggesting that naps may not fully protect emotional memories from interference but instead facilitate their processing for later consolidation.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Early childhood naps initiate emotional memory processing in preparation for enhanced overnight consolidation. Hanron, O., Mason, GM., Holmes, JF., et al.[2023]

A study involving 22 children showed that taking a nap after learning improved their performance on a storybook task compared to staying awake, indicating naps can enhance declarative learning.

The improvement in performance was linked to the amount of slow wave sleep during the nap, suggesting that this type of sleep plays a crucial role in consolidating episodic memory in young children.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Slow wave sleep in naps supports episodic memories in early childhood. Lokhandwala, S., Spencer, RMC.[2021]

Daytime napping significantly enhances word learning in 16-month-old infants, as shown by improved performance in a preferential looking task after a nap compared to those who remained awake.

The increase in performance after napping was positively correlated with the infants' expressive vocabulary size, suggesting that naps play a crucial role in cognitive development and language acquisition.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Napping facilitates word learning in early lexical development. Horváth, K., Myers, K., Foster, R., et al.[2018]

This review identifies and cites eleven Spanish literary texts from the 13th to 19th centuries that reference biphasic sleep, confirming its historical prevalence in pre-industrial societies, as noted by historian A. Ekirch.

Cervantes' 'Don Quixote' provides a detailed description of biphasic sleep, illustrating how it relates to the characters' temperaments and lifestyles, supporting the idea that this sleep pattern is physiological and adaptable to different lifestyles.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[Don Quixote de la Mancha and the description of biphasic sleep in Spanish literature]. Balcarce-Bautista, PE.[2023]

Eighteen-month-old infants who napped after learning an artificial language retained specific memories better than those who did not nap, indicating that sleep enhances memory retention.

Napping also helped these infants generalize learned patterns to new vocabulary, suggesting that sleep plays a crucial role in developing abstract memory processes.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Developmental changes in retention and generalization of nonadjacent dependencies over a period containing sleep in 18-mo-old infants. Sweeney, LM., Lara, H., Gómez, RL.[2023]

3-month-old infants can only remember a cartoon face for 1.5-2 hours after seeing it if they have a period of sleep following the learning, indicating that sleep is crucial for memory consolidation even in very young children.

The study found a negative correlation between habituation time and the density of sleep spindles in infants, suggesting that specific sleep patterns may enhance cognitive processing speed.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Memory in 3-month-old infants benefits from a short nap. Horváth, K., Hannon, B., Ujma, PP., et al.[2019]

References

1. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation. [2022]

2. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood. [2021]

3. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The effect of napping and nighttime sleep on memory in infants. [2021]

4. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sleep spindles in midday naps enhance learning in preschool children. [2021]

5. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nap timing makes a difference: Sleeping sooner rather than later after learning improves infants' locomotor problem solving. [2022]

6. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Early childhood naps initiate emotional memory processing in preparation for enhanced overnight consolidation. [2023]

7. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Slow wave sleep in naps supports episodic memories in early childhood. [2021]

8. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Napping facilitates word learning in early lexical development. [2018]

9. Spain pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[Don Quixote de la Mancha and the description of biphasic sleep in Spanish literature]. [2023]

10. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Developmental changes in retention and generalization of nonadjacent dependencies over a period containing sleep in 18-mo-old infants. [2023]

11. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Memory in 3-month-old infants benefits from a short nap. [2019]