Bystander Intervention Programs for Preventing Sexual Violence

(MAP Trial)

Overseen By Sarah Gervais, PhD

Age: 18 - 65

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Academic

Sponsor: University of Nebraska Lincoln

Disqualifiers: Non-heavy drinkers, Non-English speakers, others

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 2

450 Participants Needed

Trial Summary

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

The trial information does not specify whether you need to stop taking your current medications. It focuses on bystander intervention and alcohol use, so it's best to ask the study team for guidance.

What data supports the effectiveness of the treatment Motivate-the-Bystander with Alcohol Component (MTB+Alcohol) for preventing sexual violence?

Research shows that bystander education programs can moderately improve attitudes and behaviors related to preventing sexual assault. However, alcohol intoxication can impair the effectiveness of bystander interventions, highlighting the need for programs that address alcohol's impact on decision-making. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Is the Motivate-the-Bystander program safe for participants?

The research does not provide specific safety data for the Motivate-the-Bystander program or its variations. However, the studies focus on the impact of alcohol on bystander intervention effectiveness, not on safety concerns related to the program itself. ^{1 2 3 6 7}

How does the treatment 'Motivate-the-Bystander+Alcohol' differ from other treatments for preventing sexual violence?

This treatment is unique because it includes a component that specifically addresses the role of alcohol in bystander intervention, which is often overlooked in other programs. It aims to enhance the effectiveness of bystander actions in situations where alcohol is present, a common factor in sexual violence incidents. ^{3 4 8 9 10}

What is the purpose of this trial?

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the impact of providing participants with 1. A recently developed protocol for motivating bystanders to intervene to help others who are in sexual risk situations (Motivate-the-Bystander) alone 2. Motivate-the-Bystander with an alcohol component focused on reducing drinking behaviors (Motivate-the-Bystander+Alcohol) 3. A control condition focused on reducing stress The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is Motivate-the-Bystander more effective than the attention control for increasing bystander behaviors? * Is Motivate-the-Bystander+Alcohol more effective than MTB alone for increasing bystander behaviors? * Is Motivate-the-Bystander+Alcohol more effective than Motivate-the-Bystander alone for decreasing alcohol use during bystander intervention opportunities? Participants will: * Complete online measures (e.g., self-reported bystander behaviors, past bystander training, history of bystander intervention attempts, sexual experiences, drinking behaviors, and other substance use behaviors) * Complete either MTB, MTB+ALC, or the attention control condition online * Complete the virtual reality simulation in the lab * Complete electronic daily diary follow-up surveys about alcohol use and bystander intervention

Research Team

Sarah J Gervais, PhD

Principal Investigator

University of Nebraska Lincoln

David DiLillo, PhD

Principal Investigator

University of Nebraska Lincoln

Eligibility Criteria

This trial is for individuals aged 18-25 who are heavy drinkers, fluent in English, and from Lancaster or nearby counties in Nebraska. Participants must be willing to follow study procedures and have signed a consent form.

Inclusion Criteria

English fluency

Heavy drinkers (as defined by using the AUDIT)

Community members from Lancaster and surrounding counties in Nebraska

Timeline

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

2-4 weeks

Intervention

Participants complete either the Motivate-the-Bystander, Motivate-the-Bystander+Alcohol, or the attention control condition online

1 week

1 visit (virtual)

Virtual Reality Simulation

Participants complete the virtual reality simulation in the lab to assess bystander behaviors

1 week

1 visit (in-person)

Follow-up

Participants complete electronic daily diary follow-up surveys about alcohol use and bystander intervention

9 months

Treatment Details

Interventions

• Attention-only Control
• Motivate-the-Bystander
• Motivate-the-Bystander+Alcohol

Trial Overview The study compares three approaches: 'Motivate-the-Bystander' (MTB) protocol alone, MTB with an added focus on reducing alcohol use ('MTB+Alcohol'), and a control condition aimed at stress reduction. It evaluates the effectiveness of these methods in promoting intervention behaviors during sexual risk situations and reducing alcohol consumption.

Participant Groups

Group I: Motivate-the-Bystander+Alcohol Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

A Zoom-based motivational interviewing prevention program that enhances knowledge, motivation, and skills for reduced alcohol use and increased bystander behaviors.

Group II: Motivate-the-Bystander Active Control 1 Intervention

A Zoom-based motivational interviewing prevention program that enhances knowledge, motivation, and skills for increased bystander behaviors.

Group III: Attention-only control Placebo Group 1 Intervention

A Zoom-based stress reduction program in which progressive muscle relaxation and other techniques are introduced and practiced.

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

University of Nebraska Lincoln

Lead Sponsor

Trials

40

Recruited

13,200+

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

Collaborator

Trials

865

Recruited

1,091,000+

Findings from Research

In a study involving 327 young adults, increased intoxication levels in bystanders were linked to poorer recall and risk assessment of sexual assault situations, which could hinder effective intervention.

Despite intoxication affecting situation interpretation, it did not impact feelings of personal responsibility or confidence to intervene, suggesting that bystander intervention programs should include strategies to help intoxicated individuals recognize and respond to harmful situations.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Alcohol Intoxication Impairs the Bystander Intervention Process in a Hypothetical Sexual Assault: A Field Investigation. Melkonian, AJ., Ham, LS., Wiersma-Mosley, JD., et al.[2022]

The RealConsent2.0 program is designed to improve bystander intervention in sexual violence situations, specifically addressing the impact of alcohol on decision-making, and is being tested in a randomized controlled trial with 605 young men aged 21-25.

This study is unique as it uses a virtual reality environment to simulate real-life scenarios, allowing researchers to assess how intoxicated and sober bystanders respond to potential sexual violence situations, marking a significant advancement in intervention strategies.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of RealConsent2.0: a web-based intervention to promote prosocial alcohol-involved bystander behavior in young men. Salazar, LF., Parrott, DJ., DiLillo, D., et al.[2023]

Bystander training programs for preventing sexual violence need to address the influence of alcohol use, as it can create barriers to effective intervention based on established theories like the decision-making model of bystander behavior and Alcohol Myopia Theory.

The commentary suggests that while alcohol can hinder bystander intervention, it may also facilitate it in certain contexts, highlighting the need for further research to understand this complex relationship and improve prevention strategies.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bystander Intervention to Prevent Sexual Violence: The Overlooked Role of Bystander Alcohol Intoxication. Leone, RM., Haikalis, M., Parrott, DJ., et al.[2022]

Bystander education programs for sexual assault prevention in college communities showed moderate effectiveness, with 2,926 undergraduates trained reporting improved intentions to help others and greater bystander efficacy compared to untrained peers.

The training also led to significant reductions in rape-supportive attitudes and proclivity to commit rape, although it did not significantly affect actual perpetration rates, indicating a need for further research on long-term behavioral outcomes.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: an initial meta-analysis. Katz, J., Moore, J.[2022]

A study involving 10 U.S. Army male soldiers revealed that bystander intervention can be an effective strategy for preventing sexual violence, with soldiers identifying key themes such as recognizing risk and labeling situations as problematic.

The findings suggest that intervention programs should focus on teaching soldiers nonaggressive strategies, as soldiers often anticipated physical confrontations, which could lead to further misconduct.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Qualitative Analysis of Bystander Intervention Among Young Adult Male Soldiers Who Engage in At-Risk Drinking. Orchowski, LM., Oesterle, DW., Borsari, B., et al.[2023]

The SAFE program, designed for 25 heavy drinking college men, effectively combines personalized feedback and group workshops to educate participants about alcohol use, consent, and bystander intervention, showing promise in preventing sexual assault.

Preliminary assessments indicate that the SAFE program is feasible and acceptable, with positive feedback on its content and delivery, suggesting it could be a valuable intervention for reducing sexual aggression in high-risk drinking environments.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sexual Assault Prevention for Heavy Drinking College Men: Development and Feasibility of an Integrated Approach. Orchowski, LM., Barnett, NP., Berkowitz, A., et al.[2020]

A review of 32 studies from 2015 to 2022 found that alcohol use generally hinders bystander decision-making in sexual assault situations, particularly in the early stages of recognizing risky situations.

Bystander intervention programs should focus on how alcohol impairs the ability to identify risks rather than just viewing it as a risk factor for sexual assault, highlighting the need for consistent research methods to improve the effectiveness of prevention strategies.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Alcohol's Effects on the Bystander Decision-Making Model: A Systematic Literature Review. Marcantonio, TL., Haikalis, M., Misquith, C., et al.[2023]

A systematic review of 44 studies on bystander intervention programs showed that these programs significantly improve attitudes and behaviors towards preventing sexual violence, with 32% of studies reporting positive changes in bystander behavior after training.

Effective training methods included presentations, discussions, and active learning exercises, with programs like 'Bringing in the Bystander' and 'The Men's Program' demonstrating strong empirical support for their effectiveness.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A Systematic Review of Bystander Interventions for the Prevention of Sexual Violence. Mujal, GN., Taylor, ME., Fry, JL., et al.[2021]

Bystander intervention programs are effective in improving community attitudes and behaviors towards sexual violence, leading to a greater willingness to intervene in potential situations of assault.

Future studies should focus on developing better measurement tools for assessing bystander actions, as this is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of prevention education programs.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Measuring Bystander Behavior in the Context of Sexual Violence Prevention: Lessons Learned and New Directions. McMahon, S., Palmer, JE., Banyard, V., et al.[2019]

A survey of 188 undergraduate students revealed that most were not engaged in sexual assault prevention programs, despite believing that violence could be prevented.

Students identified several barriers to participating in bystander interventions, highlighting the need for targeted programs that enhance self-efficacy and address these obstacles.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Implications for sexual assault prevention: college students as prosocial bystanders. Exner, D., Cummings, N.[2012]

References

1. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Alcohol Intoxication Impairs the Bystander Intervention Process in a Hypothetical Sexual Assault: A Field Investigation. [2022]

2. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of RealConsent2.0: a web-based intervention to promote prosocial alcohol-involved bystander behavior in young men. [2023]

3. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bystander Intervention to Prevent Sexual Violence: The Overlooked Role of Bystander Alcohol Intoxication. [2022]

4. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: an initial meta-analysis. [2022]

5. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Qualitative Analysis of Bystander Intervention Among Young Adult Male Soldiers Who Engage in At-Risk Drinking. [2023]

6. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sexual Assault Prevention for Heavy Drinking College Men: Development and Feasibility of an Integrated Approach. [2020]

7. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Alcohol's Effects on the Bystander Decision-Making Model: A Systematic Literature Review. [2023]

8. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A Systematic Review of Bystander Interventions for the Prevention of Sexual Violence. [2021]

9. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Measuring Bystander Behavior in the Context of Sexual Violence Prevention: Lessons Learned and New Directions. [2019]

10. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Implications for sexual assault prevention: college students as prosocial bystanders. [2012]