Alzheimer disease is associated with many psychiatric symptoms of dementia. More important is the cognitive decline which is the most common symptom in people with Alzheimer Disease as the disease progresses. In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, patients may suffer confusion, disorientation, and memory loss. As the disease progresses, memory loss and problems with learning, language, and thinking may become more obvious. Patients will often complain that they are forgetting things, and will feel that certain things are out of their grasp or that they just cannot seem to think clearly. Other less obvious symptoms such as mood changes, aggression, and changes in the style of thinking occur in approximately 50 to 80% of patients.
Mild signs of AD include gradual difficulty in remembering people and things when asked. Other mild signs of AD include sudden memory loss and trouble with balance, walking and language. Onset of symptoms generally occurs slowly. Symptoms may vary with whether there is early onset or late onset AD. For early onset AD, signs include trouble chewing, swallowing or talking. For late onset AD the signs include loss of appetite or inability to sleep. Other signs may include trouble counting, changes in behaviour or changes in mood. People with early onset AD may have confusion and changes in thought processes, while people with late onset AD may experience loss of personality, changes in mood and changes in behaviour.
The main risk factor for AD is earlier onset. Other risk factors include age, family history and earlier exposure to dementia. Genetic factors are also important and the APOE4 allele affects risk.
With available treatment options, it is not possible to cure Alzheimer disease. However, there are no therapies that cure the disease. Instead, treatment is aimed at controlling the disease and slowing its progression.
In order of prevalence, the most likely causes of dementia are (a) vascular dementia (2.6% yearly, 63% women), (b) AD (1.4% yearly, 86% women), and (c) other dementias (0.6% yearly, 91% women). Thus, vascular dementia predominates as a cause of dementia among women more than among men.
Despite recent advances in therapy, many people with AD die within two years of diagnosis. Medications are prescribed to nearly all patients, but their long-term use is not often supported by expert consensus. Most caregivers choose medication as a treatment option but many choose behavioral or psychosocial interventions.
Preliminary findings support the use of HY for lowering stress, boosting self-efficacy and self-esteem, facilitating relaxation and improving sleep. Although further studies are needed to establish the efficacy of HY and its contribution to a healthy life, it is proposed as a viable option in the daily life of elderly people.
Recent findings of dementia patients residing in a region of southern Ohio, the severity of dementia had an inverse relationship with total formal care resources. The findings demonstrate that the clinical severity of alzheimer disease is associated with resource requirements. This suggests that early identification of dementia, as well as subsequent intensive care of patients, may decrease costs to the health system and improve the prognosis for patients with late-stage Alzheimer disease.
Trials for patients with AD should consider parameters such as age and education level, as well as the patient's current and past treatment history, and medical histories such as comorbidities. To improve outcomes, clinical trials for AD should be undertaken at specialist centers with experience in clinical trials in elderly people. Trials should exclude patients with vascular risk factors and include patients with previous or current treatment with the drugs prescribed for AD.
[Yoga] may be a reasonable complementary intervention for people with cognitive impairment and may alleviate some of the perceived health consequences of not performing physical exercise. Given that the effect was restricted to the group that performed yoga, the benefits of yoga may have been related to other features of yoga such as mindfulness and mood.
The causal pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin late-onset progressive cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related cognitive and behavioural deficits are not fully understood. These mechanisms may include Alzheimer-related amyloid pathology, vascular pathology, and neuroinflammation. The risk factors that drive late-onset progressive cerebrovascular amyloidosis are not clearly understood but likely to include genetic and lifestyle factors. These risks may include cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related genetic and/or environmental factors.