KY1044 and atezolizumab for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Around 75,000 new cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma are diagnosed per year in the United States, making it the fifth most important cancer in American men. The occurrence of oral cancer is strongly modulated by tobacco use; it is more frequent in heavy smokers.

This article will discuss the current therapies used in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in adults. Surgically invasive methods are not typically needed or favored due to lack of proven efficacy or the adverse effects associated with such procedures, though several techniques are still used. Treatment modalities for tongue SCC are largely limited to radiotherapy and chemotherapies, as traditional surgical methods have been replaced by laser diathermy and digital excision in recent times. Surgical treatment continues to be used in the treatment of more advanced lesions. The most common treatment modality for oral cavity SCC is radiation therapy that usually involves the postero-oral region.

The most frequently involved site of oral squamous cell carcinoma is the gingiva. The risk factors associated with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma include smoking and betel nut use. The onset of gingival overgrowth is also an early sign of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma increases as the gingival indices increase. Mucositis is a

The OSCC can't be cured and is fatal in about 50% with proper treatment (radical resection). However, the treatment is often quite successful (over 90% in the literature); hence, the long survival seen (over 80%) in the literature is not unusual.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common tumour in the pharynx and constitutes around 20% of all oral and oropharyngeal cancer cases. Treatment is usually multimodal; oral surgery is often the initial treatment in an attempt to control the tumour in the tongue or naso-facial region. Radiation therapy can be used if there is local recurrence prior to reconstruction in patients with a good performance status and a complete surgical resection. Radiation therapy is not usually recommended in patients undergoing reconstruction after cancer resection.

The risk factors of OSCC are different from those of oral benign lesions. The high frequency of tobacco use is most often the main cause for oral ESCC. The incidence is decreasing, and it is more likely to be encountered in the second half of the twentieth century.

No studies have been done so far comparing ky1044 with atezolizumab. Although most patients enrolled in atezolizumab studies were treated with chemotherapy, this does not necessarily exclude those treated with ky1044. In addition, the inclusion and exclusion criteria may differ greatly among clinical trials, such as the timing of the treatment. In some of the studies evaluated, ky1044 might be better tolerated than other drugs. These clinical trials are not the final word on ky1044 but should be considered before deciding on this drug as a first-line treatment for NSCLC.

Oral cancers that are currently diagnosed tend to be invasive and more likely to recur than superficial cancers. The recurrence in oral cancers is usually a result of a poorly-designed treatment plan; therefore, it is important to select the proper treatment at the time of diagnosis. There are a number of studies examining oral carcinoma treatments via case reports and small studies. Few oral surgical treatments have been described in the literature, however, many other treatments have been in development. Oral squamous cell carcinoma, like other oral and maxillofacial cancers, can be treated with radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery; however, the prognosis is relatively poor, and as such, the treatment plan is often designed to increase survival.

Studies were reviewed in three main areas: biological, clinical-pathological characterization of OSCC and OSCC risk assessment. The emerging concepts for oral cancer are: The genetic components are being addressed through basic research studies (including gene-expression profiling studies), which are then translocated to clinical practice. Clinically, there are significant research efforts on identifying gene-expression patterns, on identifying biological marker proteins through immunohistochemical studies, and on determining the response to treatment options (chemotherapy and/or radiation). Further, the evolving strategies in the field of personalized medicine are aimed at understanding genetic alterations in patients and tailored therapies. These efforts are aimed at improving the quality of life of OSCC patients through the development of improved management.

There is no clear evidence of a survival advantage conferred by clinical trials for OSCC. It is prudent for patients to understand clinical trial procedures, costs, risks, benefits, and expected outcomes.