Snack Types for Satiety

Overseen By Mee Young Hong

Age: 18 - 65

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Academic

Sponsor: San Diego State University

Disqualifiers: Smoker, Pregnant, Dietary supplements, others

No Placebo Group All trial participants will receive the active study treatment (no placebo)

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 2

Duration: 1 day

160 Participants Needed

What You Need to Know Before You Apply

What is the purpose of this trial?

This trial aims to assess how different snacks affect feelings of fullness, blood sugar, insulin levels, and anxiety in healthy individuals. Participants will consume various snacks, including potato chips, mixed nuts, dried mango, fresh mango, Brazil nuts, pretzels, or white bread. The trial seeks to determine which snacks might help individuals feel fuller longer or influence mood and energy levels. Non-smokers who are not pregnant and have no allergies to nuts or gluten are suitable candidates for this study. As an unphased trial, it offers participants the chance to contribute to new insights on nutrition and well-being.

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

The trial does not specify if you need to stop taking your current medications, but if you require medication for metabolic disorders, you cannot participate.

Is there any evidence suggesting that this trial's treatments are likely to be safe?

Research shows that snacks like mixed nuts, dried mango, fresh mango, and Brazil nuts are generally easy to digest. Studies have found that mixed nuts help maintain satiety and manage blood sugar levels without negative effects. Dried mango may lower blood sugar levels compared to some other snacks, while fresh mango can enhance satiety and improve blood sugar and insulin levels.

Brazil nuts, rich in selenium, promote health and also aid in maintaining satiety and stable blood sugar and insulin levels. The reviewed studies did not report any major negative effects from these snacks. Overall, these snacks appear safe to consume, offering benefits for satiety and blood sugar management. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Why are researchers excited about this trial?

Researchers are excited about these snack treatments for satiety because they explore the effects of different snack types on how full we feel after eating. Unlike typical snack options like chips and pretzels, which are often high in refined carbs and low in nutrients, snacks like mixed nuts, Brazil nuts, dried mango, and fresh mango offer a unique combination of healthy fats, fiber, and natural sugars. These components could potentially lead to a longer-lasting feeling of fullness. This trial could reveal new insights into how specific nutrients and food types influence satiety, leading to healthier snacking habits that help control appetite and manage weight.

What evidence suggests that this trial's snack types could be effective for satiety?

This trial will compare the effects of different snacks on satiety and postprandial responses. Research has shown that eating mixed nuts, one of the snacks in this trial, can help maintain steady blood sugar and insulin levels after meals, potentially prolonging feelings of fullness. They also tend to reduce hunger more effectively than some other snacks. Dried mango, another snack option in this trial, has been suggested to lower blood sugar levels after eating, compared to white bread. Fresh mango, also being tested, appears even more effective, as it enhances satiety and reduces blood sugar more than dried mango. Brazil nuts, another snack in this trial, are beneficial because they promote fullness without causing spikes in blood sugar or insulin, helping maintain steady energy. ^{3 4 6 7 8}

Are You a Good Fit for This Trial?

This trial is for healthy individuals aged 18-55 who are not pregnant, do not smoke, and are free from metabolic disorders requiring medication. Participants must not have allergies to nuts or gluten and should not be taking dietary supplements.

Exclusion Criteria

Pregnant woman

You are a person who smokes cigarettes.

Required medication of metabolic disorders

Timeline for a Trial Participant

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

1-2 weeks

Treatment

Participants consume different types of snacks to examine postprandial responses

1 day

1 visit (in-person)

Follow-up

Participants are monitored for changes in insulin, glucose, antioxidant levels, satiety, and anxiety post snack consumption

2 hours

1 visit (in-person)

What Are the Treatments Tested in This Trial?

Interventions

• Snack Types

Trial Overview The study is examining how different snacks—dried mango, pretzels, Brazil nuts, mixed nuts, potato chips, white bread, and fresh mango—affect feelings of fullness and the body's blood sugar and insulin levels after eating.

How Is the Trial Designed?

Group I: Mixed nuts Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume mixed nuts to examine postprandial response

Group II: Mango fruit Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume fresh mango to examine postprandial response

Group III: Dried mango Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume dried mango to examine postprandial response

Group IV: Brazil nuts Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume Brazil nuts to examine postprandial response

Group V: Potato chips Active Control 1 Intervention

Subjects consume potato chips to examine postprandial response

Group VI: Pretzels Active Control 1 Intervention

Subjects consume pretzels to examine postprandial response

Group VII: White bread Active Control 1 Intervention

Subjects consume white bread to examine postprandial response

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

San Diego State University

Lead Sponsor

Trials

182

Recruited

119,000+

Published Research Related to This Trial

In a study involving 45 healthy men over 12 weeks, snacking on almonds led to a higher eating frequency compared to cereal bars, but did not increase overall energy intake or body weight.

The results suggest that choosing almonds as a snack can help maintain satiety without contributing to weight gain, indicating that the body may compensate for the extra eating by reducing overall energy intake.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The effect of including a conventional snack (cereal bar) and a nonconventional snack (almonds) on hunger, eating frequency, dietary intake and body weight. Zaveri, S., Drummond, S.[2015]

Snacking can have both positive and negative effects on diet quality and body weight, depending on the context and choices made; it can provide essential nutrients for healthy individuals but may lead to excessive energy intake in obese individuals.

Interventions to improve snacking habits should focus on both the types of foods chosen and the behaviors surrounding eating, such as eating in response to external cues rather than hunger.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance. Bellisle, F.[2014]

The study analyzed 2283 single-serving snack products from major UK supermarkets and coffee shops, finding that the average energy content was 186 kcal, with coffee shop snacks averaging significantly higher at 282 kcal compared to 167 kcal for supermarket snacks.

A large percentage of snacks exceeded recommended energy limits, with 79% of supermarket snacks and 91% of coffee shop snacks exceeding the 100 kcal guideline for children, indicating a potential link to increased energy intake and obesity.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The energy and nutritional content of snacks sold at supermarkets and coffee shops in the UK. Marty, L., Evans, R., Sheen, F., et al.[2022]

Snacking can actually contribute significantly to the overall nutrient quality of a diet, challenging the common belief that snacks only provide 'empty calories'.

Frequent snackers tend to consume more food overall, indicating that understanding the definitions and cultural perceptions of 'meals' and 'snacks' is crucial for interpreting nutritional data and improving health education.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eating frequency: methodological and dietary aspects. Gatenby, SJ.[2019]

Snacking accounts for about 20% of energy intake in the American diet, with most adults consuming one to three snacks per day, highlighting its significance in dietary habits.

The review identified key factors influencing snacking, such as food quality, convenience, and time of day, suggesting that choosing healthier snacks can enhance overall diet quality and support weight management.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Snacking Consumption among Adults in the United States: A Scoping Review. Enriquez, JP., Gollub, E.[2023]

Snack foods, often seen as unhealthy, can be strategically used by pediatricians to help children, especially those with eating difficulties, explore new tastes and improve their diet diversity.

While savory snacks are generally better than sweet ones, and dry snacks are preferred over liquid ones, care must be taken as many snacks can be high in sugar or fat, potentially leading to obesity if they replace healthier family meals.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Uses and abuses of snack foods in child health. Wright, CM.[2018]

A study involving 38 patients found that a FOS-enriched cookie significantly increased feelings of satiety compared to a control cookie, both immediately after consumption and after one month of treatment.

The FOS-enriched cookie did not affect cardiovascular risk factors or overall dietary intake, suggesting it can be a safe option for enhancing appetite control without negative health impacts.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Double blind randomized clinical trial controlled by placebo with a fos enriched cookie on saciety and cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients. de Luis, DA., de la Fuente, B., Izaola, O., et al.[2022]

In a study involving 77 first- and sixth-graders, reducing the size of cookies offered led to a 25% decrease in the amount of food consumed, which corresponds to a reduction of 68 calories.

This suggests that smaller portion sizes could be an effective strategy to help reduce overall energy intake and combat obesity-related eating behaviors.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Split them!" smaller item sizes of cookies lead to a decrease in energy intake in children. Marchiori, D., Waroquier, L., Klein, O.[2016]

The review highlights the importance of clearly defining 'meals' versus 'snacks,' as this distinction can significantly influence food choices and satiety, impacting overall dietary habits.

It suggests that policymakers should promote specific healthful snacks to help address nutrient deficiencies and excesses, particularly in relation to cardiometabolic health markers like lipid profiles and weight.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

What Is a Snack, Why Do We Snack, and How Can We Choose Better Snacks? A Review of the Definitions of Snacking, Motivations to Snack, Contributions to Dietary Intake, and Recommendations for Improvement. Hess, JM., Jonnalagadda, SS., Slavin, JL.[2023]

Citations

1. researchgate.net researchgate.net/publication/337930002_Brazil_nut_consumption_promotes_satiety_without_increasing_blood_glucose_and_insulin_responses_in_healthy_adults

Brazil nut consumption promotes satiety without increasing ... Both the Brazil nuts and pretzels increased satiety with greater satiety in Brazil nuts compared to pretzels (P = 0.049). Each snack also decreased anxiety (P = ...

2. sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531722001063

Nut-enriched energy restricted diet has potential to ... The consumption of 20 g of Brazil nuts increased postprandial satiety in healthy subjects [37]. However, the acute consumption of BN (15 g of Brazil nuts + ...

3. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11534022/

Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on Blood Glucose ... Both snacks increased satiety while there were no significant differences in body weight, body fat, blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio, or anxiety. After 3 ...

4. go.gale.com go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA610306891&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=23167874&p=AONE&sw=w

Brazil nut consumption promotes satiety without increasing ... Each snack also decreased anxiety (P = 0.020) from baseline to 40 min post-consumption with no significant differences between the two trials.

5. bohrium.com bohrium.com/paper-details/brazil-nut-consumption-promotes-satiety-without-increasing-blood-glucose-and-insulin-responses-in-healthy-adults/812701248057769988-29090

Brazil nut consumption promotes satiety without increasing blood ... The study aimed to determine the effects of Brazil nut consumption on postprandial responses. Brazil nuts showed stable postprandial blood glucose and insulin ...

6. ahajournals.org ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.138.suppl_1.14276

Abstract 14276: Brazil Nut Consumption Improves ... Conclusions: Brazil nut consumption improved postprandial satiety and stabilized glucose and insulin responses which may be beneficial in ...

7. sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096399691730474X

Brazil nuts: Nutritional composition, health benefits and ... Brazil nuts are among the richest selenium food sources, and studies have considered this Amazonian nut as an alternative for selenium supplementation.

8. mdpi.com mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/20/3289

Relationship with Nut Consumption for Breakfast and ... This study aimed to determine the effect of adding nuts to a regular breakfast on blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels.