Common Meals for Appetite and Satiety

Age: 18 - 65

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Academic

Sponsor: San Diego State University

Disqualifiers: Special dietary needs, smoking, others

No Placebo Group All trial participants will receive the active study treatment (no placebo)

Approved in 1 Jurisdiction This treatment is already approved in other countries

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 1

Duration: 1 day per meal

What You Need to Know Before You Apply

What is the purpose of this trial?

This trial explores how different meals affect hunger and metabolism. Participants will try meals such as lean steak with potatoes and broccoli, macaroni and cheese, and fish tacos. The goal is to determine which meal combinations most impact appetite. It suits individuals aged 18-50 with a BMI (a measure of body fat based on height and weight) between 18-26 who do not have specific dietary needs or recent major weight changes. As an unphased trial, this study offers a unique opportunity to contribute to understanding how meal choices influence appetite and metabolism.

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

The trial information does not specify whether you need to stop taking your current medications.

Is there any evidence suggesting that this trial's treatments are likely to be safe?

Research has shown that the meals in this trial are generally safe and well-tolerated. Here’s what is known about the specific meals being tested:

1. **Lean Steak and Potatoes with Broccoli**: This meal offers a good balance of carbs, protein, and fat. However, frequent consumption of red meat has been linked to health concerns like colorectal cancer, so moderation is key.

2. **Macaroni and Cheese**: Some studies suggest that macaroni and cheese can lead to increased calorie intake. Concerns exist about additives in certain versions, which might cause health issues, but this does not apply to all macaroni and cheese dishes.

3. **Pita and Hummus**: Hummus is known to help control appetite and improve diet quality. It is a nutritious choice, high in fiber and healthy fats, making it a safe option.

4. **Lentil and Sweet Potato Chili**: Lentils are praised for promoting fullness and aiding weight management, making this meal a safe and healthy choice.

5. **Fish Tacos**: Fish is generally a healthy source of protein, recommended for its benefits. Proper preparation is important to avoid any health risks.

6. **Creamy Pork Pasta**: Pasta can be part of a balanced diet when eaten in moderation. Pork can promote satiety and is safe when consumed in typical amounts.

7. **Chicken and Pea Fried Rice**: This meal is common in many diets and is considered safe. Chicken is a lean protein, and the meal is generally well-tolerated.

Overall, these meals are typical in many diets and are generally safe when consumed in moderation. Always consider personal dietary needs and consult healthcare providers if unsure. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Why are researchers excited about this trial?

Researchers are excited about this trial because it explores how different common meals impact appetite and satiety, which are key factors in managing diet and weight. Unlike other studies that might focus on dietary supplements or specific nutrients, this trial uses everyday meals like lean steak and potatoes, macaroni and cheese, and fish tacos. It aims to provide insights into how these familiar foods affect hunger and fullness, potentially offering practical guidance for healthier eating habits. By examining a variety of meals, the trial could uncover new information on how different combinations of proteins, carbs, and fats influence our appetite, paving the way for more personalized dietary recommendations.

What evidence suggests that this trial's treatments could be effective for appetite and satiety?

This trial will compare the effects of different meals on hunger and fullness. Participants will be assigned to one of several meal groups. One group will receive a typical meal of lean steak and potatoes with broccoli, high in protein and complex carbs, which may help control hunger and provide energy. Another group will receive macaroni and cheese, which can alter energy intake based on portion size but doesn't greatly affect hunger or fullness with portion size changes. Participants in the hummus group may experience reduced hunger and desire to eat, making it a good choice for controlling appetite. The lentil and sweet potato chili group may feel fuller and less hungry, especially when made with green lentils. Fish tacos, provided to another group, offer fish protein, which tends to increase fullness and reduce hunger compared to beef protein. The effects of creamy pork pasta on hunger and fullness aren't clearly defined, but some studies suggest pasta meals can be filling. Lastly, the chicken and pea fried rice group may help participants feel full and maintain energy levels, aiding in portion control. ^{1 5 6 7 8}

Are You a Good Fit for This Trial?

This trial is for healthy adults aged 18-50 with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 18-26. It's not suitable for those with special dietary requirements, recent significant weight changes, smokers, or substance users.

Inclusion Criteria

BMI between 18-26

Exclusion Criteria

Special dietary needs (e.g., gluten-free, etc.)

5% weight change in the previous 2 months

Smoking

Timeline for a Trial Participant

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

1-2 weeks

Treatment

Participants consume different meals, and metabolic and appetitive responses are measured

1 day per meal

1 visit per meal (in-person)

Follow-up

Participants are monitored for safety and effectiveness after treatment

1 week

What Are the Treatments Tested in This Trial?

Interventions

• Lean Steak and Potatoes with Broccoli

Trial Overview The study is examining how different common meals affect hunger and fullness. Participants will eat meals that include lean steak and potatoes with broccoli compared to other typical main dish/starch combinations.

How Is the Trial Designed?

Group I: Arm 7 (creamy pork pasta) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

creamy pork pasta will be provided to subjects and primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at timelines explained under primary and secondary outcome measures.

Group II: Arm 6 (pita and hummus) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

pita and hummus will be provided to subjects and primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at timelines explained under primary and secondary outcome measures.

Group III: Arm 5 (chicken and pea fried rice) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

chicken and pea fried rice will be provided to subjects and primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at timelines explained under primary and secondary outcome measures.

Group IV: Arm 4 (fish tacos) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

fish tacos will be provided to subjects and primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at timelines explained under primary and secondary outcome measures.

Group V: Arm 3 (macaroni and cheese) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

macaroni and cheese will be provided to subjects and primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at timelines explained under primary and secondary outcome measures.

Group VI: Arm 2 (lentil and sweet potato chili ) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

lentil and sweet potato chili will be provided to subjects and primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at timelines explained under primary and secondary outcome measures.

Group VII: Arm 1 (lean steak and potatoes) Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

lean steak and potatoes will be provided to subjects and primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at timelines explained under primary and secondary outcome measures.

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

San Diego State University

Lead Sponsor

Trials

182

Recruited

119,000+

Published Research Related to This Trial

In a 20-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 52 overweight/obese participants, potato protein protease inhibitor II (PI2) significantly increased levels of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) at week 10, suggesting it may enhance feelings of fullness.

Participants taking PI2 reported higher satiety and a decreased desire to eat compared to those on a placebo, indicating that PI2 can effectively modulate appetite sensations during weight reduction efforts.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The Effect of Potato Protease Inhibitor II on Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety in Humans During Weight Reduction. Flechtner-Mors, M., Thoma, U., Wittmann, R., et al.[2022]

In a study involving 35 healthy men, meals based on vegetable protein (fava beans/split peas) and animal protein (veal/pork or eggs) showed no significant differences in ad libitum energy intake, indicating that both types of protein can be equally satisfying.

Participants reported similar levels of hunger, satiety, and fullness after consuming iso-caloric, fiber-matched meals, suggesting that vegetable proteins can be as effective as animal proteins in managing appetite.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Protein from Meat or Vegetable Sources in Meals Matched for Fiber Content has Similar Effects on Subjective Appetite Sensations and Energy Intake-A Randomized Acute Cross-Over Meal Test Study. Nielsen, LV., Kristensen, MD., Klingenberg, L., et al.[2018]

In a study of 4440 participants aged 45-79 over 8 years, overall potato consumption was not linked to increased mortality risk, suggesting that potatoes themselves may not be harmful when consumed in moderation.

However, consuming fried potatoes 2-3 times a week or more was associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality, indicating that the method of preparation plays a crucial role in health outcomes.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Fried potato consumption is associated with elevated mortality: an 8-y longitudinal cohort study. Veronese, N., Stubbs, B., Noale, M., et al.[2023]

Acute exposure to glycoalkaloids (GAs) from potatoes can cause gastrointestinal symptoms in humans, with a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level identified at 1 mg total potato GAs per kg body weight per day.

While no long-term health issues from GAs in potatoes have been found, there are health concerns for younger age groups based on high exposure levels, and insufficient data exists to assess risks from GAs in tomatoes and aubergines.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., et al.[2023]

In a study involving 13 healthy adults, consuming mashed potato with broccoli significantly lowered glycaemic and insulinaemic responses compared to eating mashed potato alone, indicating a beneficial effect on blood sugar control.

The combination of broccoli and mashed potato not only reduced immediate blood sugar spikes but also delayed the return to fasting levels, suggesting that broccoli may enhance glucose homeostasis when paired with carbohydrate-rich foods.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Glyceamic and insulinaemic response to mashed potato alone, or with broccoli, broccoli fibre or cellulose in healthy adults. Ballance, S., Knutsen, SH., Fosvold, ØW., et al.[2018]

In a study involving 20 healthy men, consuming low glycaemic index (GI) potatoes did not significantly affect feelings of satiety compared to high GI potatoes, suggesting that the GI of potatoes may not influence appetite control.

No differences were observed in hunger, fullness, or overall energy intake between the two types of potatoes, indicating that both low and high GI potatoes can be similarly satisfying for normal-weight individuals.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Comparison of Low Glycaemic Index and High Glycaemic Index Potatoes in Relation to Satiety: A Single-Blinded, Randomised Crossover Study in Humans. Andersen, SSH., Heller, JMF., Hansen, TT., et al.[2019]

In a study involving 21 children aged 9-14, consuming white potatoes (either as French fries or mashed potatoes) significantly increased feelings of fullness and reduced food intake at a subsequent meal compared to a control meal and meal skipping.

Both French fries and mashed potatoes led to lower total daily energy intake compared to the control meal, suggesting that white potatoes can be effective in managing appetite and food consumption in children.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Effects of White Potatoes Consumed With Eggs on Satiety, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Children and Adolescents. Lee, JJ., Brett, NR., Chang, JT., et al.[2021]

A study involving 28 adults found that a high-protein beef meal and a moderate-protein, high-fiber bean meal produced similar levels of satiety and appetite ratings over a 3-hour period after eating.

While both meals resulted in similar energy intake at a subsequent meal, the bean meal was associated with higher reports of gas and bloating compared to the beef meal, indicating a potential gastrointestinal side effect of the fiber-rich option.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The Effects of a Beef-Based Meal Compared to a Calorie Matched Bean-Based Meal on Appetite and Food Intake. Bonnema, AL., Altschwager, D., Thomas, W., et al.[2022]

In a study involving 33 healthy nonobese participants, fried French fries were reported to be significantly more satiating than an equi-energy pasta meal, suggesting that the preparation method of potatoes can influence satiety.

Other potato preparations (baked, mashed, and wedges) did not show a significant difference in satiety compared to the pasta control, indicating that not all potato dishes provide the same level of fullness.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Satiety Impact of Different Potato Products Compared to Pasta Control. Diaz-Toledo, C., Kurilich, AC., Re, R., et al.[2017]

Genetically modified potatoes, known as low acrylamide potential (LAP) potatoes, significantly reduce the formation of acrylamide during cooking by lowering levels of the amino acid asparagine, which is a key ingredient in the reaction that produces acrylamide.

Cooking LAP potatoes resulted in a 65% reduction in acrylamide levels in French fries and potato chips compared to conventional potatoes, potentially leading to a 25% decrease in overall dietary acrylamide exposure, especially benefiting children who consume more acrylamide relative to their body weight.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Reduction in Dietary Acrylamide Exposure-Impact of Potatoes with Low Acrylamide Potential. Tran, NL., Barraj, LM., Collinge, S.[2018]

Citations

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Poultry Consumption and Human Cardiometabolic Health ... This narrative review describes nutritional profiles of commonly consumed chicken/poultry products, consumption trends, and dietary recommendations in the US.

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Impact of a satiating meal course (chicken stir-fry) and ... ... rice also contributes to prolonged satiety. These foods slow glucose absorption and prevent rapid insulin spikes, leading to sustained energy release and ...

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Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic ... A meta-analysis of data from 30 studies showed that variety had a small to medium effect on meal intake. This overall effect appears to be robust, as ...

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Foods Consumed with Rice that Elicit a Reduction ... One of the studies showed that the intake of chicken with white rice can reduce the postprandial GR compared to consuming white rice alone.16 In ...

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Is Chicken and Rice Healthy? A Registered Dietitian Explains “The higher fiber promotes satiety, which may help with portion control and ultimately weight loss,” says Fernando. She also points out it plays a critical role ...

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Fried Rice with Chicken and Peas - Calories 1 serving (400 g) of Fried Rice with Chicken and Peas contains 473 calories (kcal).

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Chicken And Rice + Peas 1 bowl of chicken and rice + peas contains 529 Calories. The macronutrient breakdown is 43% carbs, 30% fat, and 27% protein.

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Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic ... Many studies have shown that food variety—the presence of multiple foods and/or sensory characteristics within and across meals—increases intake ...