Smoking Cessation Medications for Smoking Addiction

No longer recruiting at 1 trial location

Overseen By Stevens Smith, PhD

Age: 18+

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Phase 4

Sponsor: University of Wisconsin, Madison

Must not be taking: Bupropion, Varenicline

Disqualifiers: Suicidal ideation, Suicide attempts

No Placebo Group All trial participants will receive the active study treatment (no placebo)

Prior Safety Data This treatment has passed at least one previous human trial

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 3

Duration: 12-24 weeks

What You Need to Know Before You Apply

What is the purpose of this trial?

This trial seeks the best method to help people quit smoking by testing two popular medications: Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy (C-NRT) and varenicline, which reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms. It examines different treatment setups, such as the duration of medication use and the amount of counseling provided. The trial targets individuals who have smoked more than four cigarettes daily for the past six months and can refrain from using any nicotine replacement products not supplied by the study. The goal is to determine which combination helps the most people remain smoke-free for a year. Researchers will assess participants' progress through various evaluations, including one that confirms smoking cessation for 12 months. As a Phase 4 trial, this research involves FDA-approved treatments and aims to understand how they can benefit more patients.

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

If you are currently using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), you will need to switch to the study medication for the duration of the trial. If you are taking bupropion or varenicline, you cannot participate in the trial.

What is the safety track record for these treatments?

Research has shown that both Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy (C-NRT) and varenicline have been studied for safety in helping people quit smoking. Studies on C-NRT indicate it is generally well-tolerated, with no major side effects reported. It effectively doubles quit rates and has not shown negative effects on pregnancy or child development in two-year follow-ups.

Extensive research has been conducted on varenicline, which is often prescribed to help people stop smoking. While effective, some individuals may experience side effects like nausea and sleep problems, which can lead them to discontinue use. However, the FDA has approved it for quitting smoking, supporting its safety for most users.

In summary, both treatments are considered safe for most people, but varenicline might cause side effects in some individuals. It's important to consult a healthcare provider about any concerns before starting treatment. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Why are researchers enthusiastic about this study treatment?

Researchers are excited about these treatments for smoking cessation because they combine pharmacological and behavioral support in a comprehensive approach. The study investigates the use of Varenicline and Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy (C-NRT), which are already established methods for quitting smoking, but the trial explores different durations and intensities of counseling. Unlike traditional methods that may rely on minimal counseling or set durations, this trial tests varied counseling intensities and medication durations, potentially offering tailored solutions that could enhance success rates. By integrating intensive counseling sessions and extending treatment periods, these approaches aim to provide more robust support, increasing the chances of quitting smoking successfully.

What evidence suggests that this trial's treatments could be effective for smoking addiction?

Research has shown that both varenicline and combination nicotine replacement therapy (C-NRT) effectively aid smoking cessation. In this trial, participants may receive varenicline, which studies have found helps 44% of people stop smoking after 12 weeks, significantly increasing their chances of quitting. Varenicline is more effective than other methods in helping people quit smoking. Alternatively, participants may receive C-NRT, which combines nicotine patches and mini-lozenges. This combination outperforms using a single type of nicotine replacement, leading to higher success rates in quitting smoking at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months. Both treatments are well-regarded in the medical field for their effectiveness in helping people stop smoking. ^{2 6 7 8 9}

Who Is on the Research Team?

Megan E Piper, PhD

Principal Investigator

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Are You a Good Fit for This Trial?

This trial is for daily smokers who've been smoking more than 4 cigarettes a day for the past 6 months, can use study medications safely, and if female and able to have children, must be using birth control. Smokers already on bupropion or varenicline or with recent suicidal thoughts or attempts cannot join.

Inclusion Criteria

If currently using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), agreeing to use only study medication for the duration of the study

I am using birth control as a woman who can still have children.

You have been smoking at least 4 cigarettes every day for the past 6 months.

Exclusion Criteria

You have had thoughts of harming yourself or attempted to harm yourself in the past.

I am currently taking bupropion or varenicline.

Timeline for a Trial Participant

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

2-4 weeks

Preparation

Participants receive preparation medication and counseling prior to the target quit day (TQD)

4 weeks

1 phone or video counseling session

Treatment

Participants receive either Varenicline or C-NRT with counseling, starting on the target quit day (TQD)

12-24 weeks

Multiple phone or video counseling sessions

Follow-up

Participants are monitored for smoking status, treatment use, and side effects

52 weeks

Assessments at Weeks 2, 4, 12, 20, 26, and 52 post-TQD

What Are the Treatments Tested in This Trial?

Interventions

• Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy
• Intensive Counseling
• Minimal Counseling
• Varenicline

Trial Overview

The study tests different strategies to quit smoking using two main treatments: Combination Nicotine Replacement (C-NRT) and varenicline. It looks at medication type, preparation time before quitting, treatment duration, and counseling intensity in various combinations over a year.

How Is the Trial Designed?

Group I: 24-week Varenicline with 4-Week Preparation Varenicline and Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 4 weeks prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily for the next 3 weeks pre-TQD and until 24 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive a brief (15-30 minute) phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group II: 12-week Varenicline with 4-Week Preparation Varenicline and Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 4 week prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily for the next 3 weeks pre-TQD and until 11 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Group III: 24-week Varenicline with 4-Week Preparation Varenicline and Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 4 weeks prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily for the next 3 weeks pre-TQD and until 24 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Group IV: 12-week C-NRT with Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 12 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges to use starting on their quit day. Participants who smoke more than 10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 8 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 10 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive a brief (15-30 minute) phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group V: 24-week C-NRT with Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 24 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges, starting on the target quit day (TQD). Participants who smoke more than 10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 20 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 22 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Group VI: 12-week Varenicline with Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 1 week prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily until 11 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Group VII: 12-week C-NRT with 4-Week Preparation C-NRT and Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 14 mg patches starting 4 weeks prior to the target quit day (TQD). Then, starting on the TQD, participants will receive 12 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges. Participants who smoke \>10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 8 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 10 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants will receive a brief 15-30 minute phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group VIII: 12-week C-NRT with 4-Week Preparation C-NRT and Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 14 mg patches starting 4 weeks prior to the target quit day (TQD). Starting on the TQD, participants will receive 12 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges. Participants who smoke \>10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 8 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 10 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Group IX: 24-week C-NRT with 4-Week Preparation C-NRT and Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 14 mg patches starting 4 weeks prior to the target quit day (TQD). Starting on the TQD, participants will receive 24 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges. Participants who smoke \>10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 20 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 22 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Group X: 12-week C-NRT with Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 12 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges to use starting on their quit day. Participants who smoke more than 10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 8 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 10 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Group XI: 24-week Varenicline with Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 1 week prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily until 23 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive a brief (15-30 minute) phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group XII: 24-week C-NRT with 4-Week Preparation C-NRT and Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 14 mg patches starting 4 weeks prior to the target quit day (TQD). Then, starting on the TQD, participants will receive 24 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges. Participants who smoke more than 10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 20 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 22 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants will receive a brief (15-30 minute) phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group XIII: 24-week C-NRT with Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive 24 weeks of nicotine patches and nicotine mini-lozenges, starting on the target quit day (TQD). Participants who smoke more than 10 cigarettes/day will start with a 21 mg patch for 20 weeks, and then titrate down to a 14 mg patch for 2 weeks and then a 7 mg patch for 2 weeks. Participants who smoke 5-10 cigarettes/day will be given 22 weeks of 14 mg patches and then 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Participants will receive 2 mg mini-lozenges. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive a brief (15-30 minute) phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group XIV: 12-week Varenicline with Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 1 week prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily until 11 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive a brief (15-30 minute) phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group XV: 12-week Varenicline with 4-Week Preparation Varenicline and Minimal Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 4 week prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily for the next 3 weeks pre-TQD and until 12 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive a brief (15-30 minute) phone or video counseling session 1 week prior to the TQD to promote engagement with free mobile health resources and then a brief (10-20 minute) follow-up phone or video session during the first week post-TQD to mimic a nurse or clinician follow-up after a quit attempt.

Group XVI: 24-week Varenicline with Intensive Counseling Active Control 2 Interventions

Participants randomized to this intervention will receive one 0.5 mg pill for the first 3 days, starting 1 week prior to the target quit day (TQD). They will then use one 0.5 mg pill twice daily for the next 4 days. After the first week of study medication ramp up, participants will use one 1 mg pill twice daily until 23 weeks post-TQD. Participants randomized to this intervention will receive four 15-20 minute phone or video counseling sessions (1 prior to the TQD, 1 during the first week post-TQD and during Weeks 2 and 4 post-TQD). The counseling is designed to produce intra-treatment support and skill training, consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Clinical Practice Guideline.

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Lead Sponsor

Trials

1,249

Recruited

3,255,000+

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Collaborator

Trials

14,080

Recruited

41,180,000+

Published Research Related to This Trial

In a study of 2,682 patients using varenicline for smoking cessation, nausea and vomiting were the most common reasons for discontinuation and the most frequently reported adverse drug reactions, highlighting the need for patient monitoring regarding gastrointestinal side effects.

While some psychiatric events were reported, including anxiety and depression, all cases of suicidal behavior involved patients with prior psychiatric conditions, suggesting that clinicians should closely monitor individuals with such histories when prescribing varenicline.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Safety and drug utilization profile of varenicline as used in general practice in England: interim results from a prescription-event monitoring study. Kasliwal, R., Wilton, LV., Shakir, SA.[2021]

In a study of 12,159 patients, varenicline was associated with reported neuropsychiatric events, particularly anxiety, but no significant increase in these events was found over time, suggesting that the drug's safety profile remains largely stable.

While 7-17% of neuropsychiatric events were attributed to varenicline by general practitioners, the analysis did not raise significant safety concerns, indicating that further investigation is needed to clarify the relationship between varenicline and anxiety symptoms.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Neuropsychiatric events with varenicline: a modified prescription-event monitoring study in general practice in England. Buggy, Y., Cornelius, V., Fogg, C., et al.[2021]

Varenicline, a medication used to help people quit smoking, is known to have some psychiatric and behavioral side effects, including reports of tardive dyskinesia, although these were not previously documented in literature.

This study presents the first two documented cases of withdrawal emergent dyskinesias associated with varenicline, highlighting a potential safety concern for users of the medication.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Withdrawal-Emergent Dyskinesias following Varenicline Therapy. Toffey, BA., Rabin, M., Kurlan, R.[2020]

In a 24-week study involving 333 participants from China, Singapore, and Thailand, varenicline was found to be significantly more effective than placebo for smoking cessation, with 50.3% of participants achieving 4-week continuous abstinence compared to 31.6% in the placebo group.

Varenicline was safe and well tolerated, showing no significant side effects, which supports its use as a viable option for helping smokers quit.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Varenicline for smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, randomized study. Wang, C., Xiao, D., Chan, KP., et al.[2022]

In a randomized controlled trial, varenicline (Chantix) demonstrated a higher abstinence rate from smoking after one year compared to both bupropion SR (Zyban) and a placebo, indicating its efficacy in treating tobacco dependence.

Despite its effectiveness, varenicline has been associated with serious neuropsychiatric side effects, highlighting the importance of discussing potential risks and benefits with patients considering this treatment.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Treatment of nicotine dependence with Chantix (varenicline). Rankin, KV., Jones, DL.[2015]

Varenicline (Champix) is a newly approved medication for smoking cessation that acts as a partial agonist of nicotinic receptors, offering a different mechanism of action compared to traditional therapies like nicotine replacement and bupropion.

Recent studies indicate that varenicline is effective in helping individuals quit smoking and may have advantages over existing treatments, although potential side effects are also discussed.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[Drug of the month. Varenicline (Champix)]. Vandemergel, X.[2015]

In a real-world study involving 566 participants across four European countries, varenicline was found to be an effective smoking cessation aid, with a 64.6% quit rate by the end of the 12-week treatment period.

The safety profile of varenicline was acceptable, with the most common side effects being mild to moderate nausea (8.9%) and insomnia (2.9%), and only 3.4% of participants discontinued due to treatment-related adverse events.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Effectiveness of varenicline as an aid to smoking cessation: results of an inter-European observational study. Boudrez, H., Gratziou, C., Messig, M., et al.[2015]

In a study of 3569 smokers, those using varenicline had a significantly higher sustained abstinence rate (15.2%) compared to those using combination nicotine replacement treatment (cNRT) (10.3%) over a 12-month period, indicating that varenicline may be more effective for long-term smoking cessation.

The study highlights that varenicline's effectiveness was observed in a real-world setting, where participants chose their treatment and received structured support, suggesting that it could be a preferred option for smoking cessation programs.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Effectiveness of Varenicline Versus Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation: One-Year Outcomes in a Smoking Cessation Clinic in Taiwan. Hsueh, KC., Tang, PL., McRobbie, H.[2021]

In a study of over 200,000 adults, varenicline (VAR) was found to have lower smoking-attributable and all-cause medical costs compared to nicotine-replacement therapy patches (NRT-P) over a year, suggesting it may be a more cost-effective smoking cessation option.

Among patients who adhered to their treatment, VAR still showed lower annual medical costs despite higher pharmacy costs, indicating that the overall financial burden of smoking cessation may be reduced with VAR compared to NRT-P.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Healthcare Costs of Smokers Using Varenicline Versus Nicotine-Replacement Therapy Patch in the United States: Evidence from Real-World Practice. Lee, LJ., Li, Q., Bruno, M., et al.[2020]

In a phase 2 study involving 411 healthy smokers, varenicline tartrate at doses of 1.0 mg once and twice daily significantly increased quit rates compared to placebo, with 48.0% and 37.3% quitting respectively, versus only 17.1% for placebo.

Varenicline was well tolerated, with discontinuation rates due to adverse events similar to placebo, indicating it is a safe and effective option for smoking cessation, especially at the 1.0 mg twice daily dose for long-term success.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Nides, M., Oncken, C., Gonzales, D., et al.[2022]

Participants who chose varenicline (3,116 individuals) for tobacco cessation had higher abstinence rates at both 3 months (22%) and 6 months (17%) compared to those using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (13% at 3 months and 11% at 6 months), indicating that varenicline may be more effective in supporting quitting.

The study found that factors such as increasing age, having health insurance, and the number of counseling sessions were associated with higher rates of abstinence, particularly at 3 months, suggesting that these factors could enhance the effectiveness of quitline services.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Characteristics and abstinence outcomes among tobacco quitline enrollees using varenicline or nicotine replacement therapy. Biazzo, LL., Froshaug, DB., Harwell, TS., et al.[2015]

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