Study Summary
This trial is testing whether inhaling xenon gas can help people with treatment-resistant depression. The study is comparing the effects of adding xenon to treatment as usual to adding nitrogen to treatment as usual.
- Depression
- Depression, Bipolar Disorder
Treatment Effectiveness
Phase-Based Effectiveness
Study Objectives
1 Primary · 0 Secondary · Reporting Duration: Improvement at day 1
Trial Safety
Phase-Based Safety
Trial Design
2 Treatment Groups
X-TAU (xenon)
1 of 2
N-TAU (nitrogen-placebo)
1 of 2
Active Control
Non-Treatment Group
20 Total Participants · 2 Treatment Groups
Primary Treatment: X-TAU (xenon) · Has Placebo Group · Phase < 1
Trial Logistics
Trial Timeline
Who is running the clinical trial?
Eligibility Criteria
Age 18 - 65 · All Participants · 2 Total Inclusion Criteria
Mark “Yes” if the following statements are true for you:- Kendall, Tim, Richard Morriss, Evan Mayo-Wilson, Thomas D Meyer, Steven H Jones, Matthijs Oud, and Mark R Baker. 2016. “NICE Guidance on Psychological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder”. The Lancet Psychiatry. Elsevier BV. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00082-1.
- Wilhelm, Stefan, Daqing Ma, Mervyn Maze, and Nicholas P. Franks. 2002. “Effects of Xenon on in Vitro and in Vivo Models of Neuronal Injury”. Anesthesiology. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi:10.1097/00000542-200206000-00031.
- Krystal, John H.. 1994. “Subanesthetic Effects of the Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonist, Ketamine, in Humans”. Archives of General Psychiatry. American Medical Association (AMA). doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004.
- Yonas, Howard, Betty Grundy, David Gur, Leonard Shabason, Sidney K. Wolfson Jr., and Eugene E. Cook. 1981. “Side Effects of Xenon Inhalation”. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi:10.1097/00004728-198108000-00029.
- Bedi, A., C. McCarroll, J. M. Murray, M. A. Stevenson, and J. P. H. Fee. 2002. “The Effects of Subanaesthetic Concentrations of Xenonin Volunteers*”. Anaesthesia. Wiley. doi:10.1046/j.0003-2409.2001.02455.x.
- Goto, Takahisa, Yoshinori Nakata, Yoshiki Ishiguro, Yoshinari Niimi, Kunio Suwa, and Shigeho Morita. 2000. “Minimum Alveolar Concentration–awake of Xenon Alone and in Combination with Isoflurane or Sevoflurane”. Anesthesiology. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi:10.1097/00000542-200011000-00009.
- Gaynes, Bradley N., M.D., M.P., Diane Warden Ph.D., M.B, Madhukar H. Trivedi M.D., Stephen R. Wisniewski Ph.D., Maurizio Fava M.D., and A. John Rush M.D.. 2009. “What Did STAR*D Teach Us? Results from a Large-scale, Practical, Clinical Trial for Patients with Depression”. Psychiatric Services. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.11.1439.
- Kessler, Ronald C., Patricia Berglund, Olga Demler, Robert Jin, Doreen Koretz, Kathleen R. Merikangas, A. John Rush, Ellen E. Walters, and Philip S. Wang. 2003. “The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder”. Jama. American Medical Association (AMA). doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095.
- Kupfer, David J, Ellen Frank, and Mary L Phillips. 2012. “Major Depressive Disorder: New Clinical, Neurobiological, and Treatment Perspectives”. The Lancet. Elsevier BV. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60602-8.
- Kupfer, David J, Ellen Frank, and Mary L Phillips. 2012. “Major Depressive Disorder: New Clinical, Neurobiological, and Treatment Perspectives”. The Lancet. Elsevier BV. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60602-8.
- Krystal, John H.. 1994. “Subanesthetic Effects of the Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonist, Ketamine, in Humans”. Archives of General Psychiatry. American Medical Association (AMA). doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004.
- Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003 Jun 18;289(23):3095-105. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.23.3095.
- Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Phillips ML. Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet. 2012 Mar 17;379(9820):1045-55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60602-8. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
- Kendall T, Morriss R, Mayo-Wilson E, Meyer TD, Jones SH, Oud M, Baker MR. NICE guidance on psychological treatments for bipolar disorder. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;3(4):317-20. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00082-1. No abstract available.
- Yonas H, Grundy B, Gur D, Shabason L, Wolfson SK Jr, Cook EE. Side effects of xenon inhalation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1981 Aug;5(4):591-2. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198108000-00029.
- Goto T, Nakata Y, Ishiguro Y, Niimi Y, Suwa K, Morita S. Minimum alveolar concentration-awake of Xenon alone and in combination with isoflurane or sevoflurane. Anesthesiology. 2000 Nov;93(5):1188-93. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200011000-00009.
- Bedi A, McCarroll C, Murray JM, Stevenson MA, Fee JP. The effects of subanaesthetic concentrations of xenon in volunteers. Anaesthesia. 2002 Mar;57(3):233-41. doi: 10.1046/j.0003-2409.2001.02455.x.
- Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, Heninger GR, Bowers MB Jr, Charney DS. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;51(3):199-214. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004.
- Andrew A. Nierenberg, MD 2019. "Xenon Inhalation Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder". ClinicalTrials.gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03748446.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is this medical experiment open to individuals younger than fifty-five years of age?
"In order to participate in this trial, subjects must be aged between 18 and 65. There are 418 medical studies with a lower age threshold and 1503 trials open for those beyond the upper limit of 65 years old." - Anonymous Online Contributor
Is this research actively enrolling participants?
"Affirmative. Data hosted on clinicaltrials.gov states that this medical study is currently recruiting individuals, with 20 participants sought from a single centre. The trial was initiated on December 5th 2019 and last updated February 23rd 2022." - Anonymous Online Contributor
Is there an eligibility criteria for enrolling in this clinical research?
"In order to gain entry into this medical trial, an individual must experience psychosis, involutional depression, and be between 18-65 years old. The total number of participants required for the study is 20 individuals." - Anonymous Online Contributor
What is the participant quota for this medical study?
"Affirmative. According to the information provided by clinicaltrials.gov, this medical research is actively enrolling patients that meet its criteria; it was first made public on December 5th 2019 and recently updated on February 23rd 2022. The trial seeks 20 participants from a single location." - Anonymous Online Contributor
What prior investigations have utilized xenon as an element?
"Currently, 18 independent research projects are being conducted on X-TAU (xenon), none of which have reached Phase 3. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania hosts the majority of these trials; however 25 different sites have trials open for this drug's efficacy." - Anonymous Online Contributor
What clinical conditions commonly warrant the use of X-TAU (xenon)?
"X-TAU (xenon) is usually used to treat actinic keratosis, yet it also has the potential of managing hypoxemia, respiratory challenge test and certain types of verruca (warts)." - Anonymous Online Contributor