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Stage 2 Ovarian Cancer
What is Stage 2 Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is a serious health concern for women around the world. According to the American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer accounts for approximately 3% of all cancers in women. It is responsible for more deaths than any other female reproductive system cancer [1].
One of the most important factors in the prognosis and treatment of ovarian cancer is its stage. Stage 2 ovarian cancer is a type of ovarian cancer that has spread beyond the ovaries but is still confined to the pelvis.
What are the subtypes of stage 2 ovarian cancer?
There are several subtypes of ovarian cancer, each with its own characteristics and treatment options. Some of the most common subtypes of the second stage of ovarian cancer include:
Epithelial ovarian cancer: This is the most common type of ovarian cancer and begins in the cells on the surface of the ovary (outer lining). Epithelial ovarian cancer is further divided into Serous type, Endometrioid Type, Clear Cell Type, and Mucinous Type [2].
Germ cell ovarian cancer: This type of ovarian cancer begins in the cells that produce the eggs (germ cells) and is most often diagnosed in younger women. Germ cell ovarian cancer is further divided into Immature teratomas, Dysgerminomas, endodermal sinus tumors (yolk sac tumors), Choriocarinomas, and Embryonal carcinoma [3]
Sex cord-stromal ovarian cancer: This type of ovarian cancer begins in the cells that produce hormones (estrogen and androgens) and is often diagnosed at an earlier stage than other types of ovarian cancer. Sex cord-stromal ovarian cancer is further divided into Granulosa, Sertoli, and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors [4].
Stage 2 Ovarian Cancer Staging and Diagnosis
Ovarian Cancer Staging
In general, the TNM system is used to describe and classify cancers, including {cancer type}, where:
- T (tumor) describes the size and location of the tumor
- N (nodes) indicates whether or not it has spread to nearby lymph nodes
- M (metastasis) describes if and how far the cancer has spread from its origin
How common is stage 2 ovarian cancer?
According to the American Cancer Society, the risk of developing ovarian cancer is 1 in 78 women. That means that at least one in every hundred women will develop ovarian cancer [5]. In 2022, there were around 19,880 new cases, and ovarian cancer accounted for around one percent of all new cancer cases [6]. Around 19% of new ovarian cancers were found at stage 2.
How is stage 2 ovarian cancer diagnosed?
Stage 2 cancer is typically diagnosed after a woman has noticed symptoms and consulted with a medical professional. If a doctor suspects ovarian cancer based on these symptoms, they usually order several diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the cancer stage.
- Pelvic exam: A pelvic exam is usually the first test performed to diagnose ovarian cancer [7]. During a pelvic exam, the doctor will feel for abnormal growths or masses in the ovaries or pelvis. While a pelvic exam cannot definitively diagnose ovarian cancer, it can help the doctor determine whether further testing is needed.
- Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help doctors get a better look at the ovaries and surrounding tissues. These tests can help determine the size, location, and extent of the cancer [8].
- Blood tests: Blood tests can help identify certain proteins ovarian cancer cells produce. CA-125 is a common blood test often used to monitor ovarian cancer, but it is not a definitive test for ovarian cancer diagnosis [9].
- Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing a small tissue sample from the ovary or surrounding tissue and examining it under a microscope. A biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose ovarian cancer [10].
- Exploratory laparotomy: In some cases, a doctor may perform an exploratory laparotomy, a surgical procedure to explore the abdomen and pelvis for signs of cancer [11]. This procedure is usually performed if other diagnostic tests are inconclusive or the doctor suspects the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis.
Stage 2 Ovarian Cancer Symptoms
Ovarian stage 2 cancer symptoms may include:
- Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort
- Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Feeling full quickly or having difficulty eating
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Pain during sexual intercourse
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
- Increased urgency to urinate or frequent urination
It's important to note that these symptoms are not specific to ovarian cancer and may also be caused by other conditions. However, if you experience these symptoms for an extended period, you must see your doctor for an evaluation. Early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer can improve your chances of a successful outcome.
Stage 2 Ovarian Cancer Treatment
Stage 2 ovarian cancer primary/first-line treatment
At first diagnosis, your doctor will most likely recommend the following two first-line treatments:
- Surgery: The primary treatment for stage two cancer is surgery. Surgery aims to remove the tumor as much as possible for staging and debulking. This may involve removing the uterus in a hysterectomy. The surgical treatment may also involve removing one or both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the omentum (a layer of fatty tissue that covers the abdominal organs) in a salpingo-oophorectomy [12]. In addition, the surgeon will take samples of nearby lymph nodes to check for the spread of cancer.
- Chemotherapy: After surgery, at least six cycles of cancer treatment timeline involving chemotherapy may be recommended. Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs that kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is usually given in cycles, with a rest period between each cycle. The number of cycles and the specific drugs used will depend on the stage and type of ovarian cancer, but mostly involve combination therapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel through intraperitoneal (IP) administration [13].
Other types of treatments for Stage 2 ovarian cancer
If the first-line treatment is not effective, or the patient is unable to undergo these treatment methods due to personal health or feelings, the doctor might recommend other types of treatment, including:
- Radiation Therapy: Doctors typically recommend chemo and radiation at the same time. However, in some cases, it may be used to treat cancer that has spread to nearby organs, such as the bladder or rectum [14].
- Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that targets specific proteins or pathways that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Targeted therapy drugs are usually given in combination with chemotherapy.
- Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy is not typically used to treat ovarian cancer [15]. However, it may be recommended for women with hormone-sensitive tumors in some cases.
- Clinical Trials: Clinical trials are research studies that test new treatments for cancer. Patients with grade 2 cancer may be eligible to participate in clinical trials [16].
Is stage 2 cancer curable?
The prognosis for Stage 2 ovarian cancer can vary depending on various factors, such as the patient's age, the location and size of tumors, the type of cancer, and the patient's overall health. While Stage 2 ovarian cancer is considered an advanced stage, it is still considered one of the few curable cancers.
However, it is important to note that survival rates are estimates, and individual outcomes may vary. It might be among the list of treatable cancer, but patients with Stage 2 ovarian cancer should work closely with their medical team to develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to their needs and circumstances.
Prognosis: Stage 2 Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate
Stage 2 cancer survival rate
Stage 2 ovarian cancer is highly treatable, and with appropriate response times and treatment for tumor, the cancer survival rate can further improve. Studies have shown that the five-year cancer stage 2 survival rate ranges from 60% to 90%, depending on the type of cancer and the effectiveness level of treatment [17]. Moreover, new advances are being made in the medical field to improve the survival rate of patients suffering from ovarian cancer [18] [19].
According to the Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance, stage 2 ovarian cancer has a five-year survival rate of around 74% [20]. Moreover, there is a 35% ten-year ovarian cancer survival rate, meaning 35 out of ten women would survive ten years or more after diagnosis.
Stage 2 ovarian cancer recurrence rate
The recurrence rate for Stage 2 ovarian cancer varies depending on various factors, such as the type of cancer, the effectiveness of treatment, and the patient's overall health. Recurrence refers to the return of cancer after remission or successful treatment. Studies have shown that the recurrence rate for Stage 2 ovarian cancer ranges from 20% to 50%, depending on the type of cancer and the effectiveness of treatment [21]. Patients with residual cancer cells after surgery or a higher-grade tumor may have a higher risk of recurrence [22]. The risk of recurrence is higher for patients with certain types of ovarian cancer, such as clear cell and mucinous ovarian cancer [23].
Stage 2 ovarian cancer growth rate
There have been many studies to find the answer to the question, “how fast does cancer spread without treatment?” In general, ovarian cancer is fast-growing and can spread quickly to nearby organs and tissues. However, the growth rate of Stage 2 ovarian cancer may be slower than that of more advanced stages, as the cancer cells are still contained within the pelvis and have not yet spread to other areas of the body [24].
It is important to note that the growth rate of ovarian cancer can vary widely between individuals, and some women may have slower or faster-growing cancers than others. Factors such as age, overall health, and lifestyle habits can also affect the growth rate of ovarian cancer.
Lifestyle changes for preventing and managing ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a serious disease that affects thousands of women worldwide. While there are no known ways to prevent ovarian cancer, there are several lifestyle changes that women can make to reduce their risk of developing the disease or improve stage 2 cancer life expectancy if they have been diagnosed [25].
Maintain a Healthy Diet
Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Foods high in antioxidants, such as berries, leafy greens, and nuts, may be especially beneficial in reducing inflammation and protecting against cancerous cell growth [26]. Additionally, avoiding processed foods and limiting the consumption of red and processed meats may also help lower the risk of ovarian cancer [27].
Exercise Regularly
Regular physical activity is an important part of maintaining overall health and reducing the risk of many types of cancer, including ovarian cancer [28]. Engaging in moderate exercises, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming, for at least 30 minutes daily can help reduce inflammation and support healthy immune function.
Stop Smoking
Smoking is a known risk factor for many types of cancer, including ovarian cancer [29]. If you smoke, quitting is one of the most important steps to reduce your risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Manage Stress
Chronic stress can negatively affect the immune system and increase cancer risk. Finding healthy ways to manage stress, such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises, can help reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
Get Regular Check-ups
Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are important for the early detection and management of ovarian cancer. Women with a family history of ovarian cancer or other risk factors should discuss their options for screening with their healthcare provider.
Conclusion
Takeaway
Stage 2 ovarian cancer is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. However, stage 2 ovarian cancer is highly treatable. If you experience any of the symptoms listed above, it's important to see a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for women with stage 2 ovarian cancer is generally favorable.