Mixed Exercise Routines for Exercise Compliance

Overseen By Adam Seal, PhD

Age: 18 - 65

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Academic

Sponsor: California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo

Disqualifiers: Cardiovascular, Diabetes, Renal, others

No Placebo Group All trial participants will receive the active study treatment (no placebo)

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 1

60 Participants Needed

Trial Summary

What is the purpose of this trial?

Only 50% of sedentary adults that start an exercise training program adhere to the program after 6 months. Exercise variety may improve adherence. The goal of this study is to examine different exercise interventions that include a variety of exercise on adherence.

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

The trial information does not specify whether you need to stop taking your current medications. It mainly focuses on exercise routines and excludes people with certain health conditions.

What data supports the effectiveness of the treatment Mixed Exercise Routines for Exercise Compliance?

Research shows that progressive resistance training (PRT), a component of the treatment, can increase muscle strength and improve physical function in older adults, which suggests it may help with exercise compliance by making physical activity easier and more effective. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Is mixed exercise, like strength training and walking, safe for humans?

Research on progressive resistance training (a type of strength training) in older adults shows it can be safe, but there are some concerns about its use in frail populations. More studies are needed to fully understand any potential negative effects. ^{1 5 6 7 8}

How is the Mixed Exercise Routines for Exercise Compliance treatment different from other treatments?

This treatment is unique because it combines progressive resistance training (strength exercises that gradually increase in difficulty) with walking exercises, which can be done at home, making it more accessible and potentially improving compliance compared to traditional group-based programs. ^{7 9 10 11 12}

Research Team

Todd Hagobian

Principal Investigator

California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo

Eligibility Criteria

This trial is for sedentary adults aged 18-40 with a BMI of 18.5 to 40 who exercise less than an hour per week. It's not suitable for those with cardiovascular, diabetes, renal diseases or other metabolic conditions, disabilities that affect exercise ability, current participation in conflicting studies, recent smokers, pregnant women or those trying to become pregnant.

Inclusion Criteria

Sedentary (<1 hour per week of exercise)

BMI 18.5 to 40 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria

Any other disability, ailment, or physical characteristics that may hinder the ability to participate in regular exercise determined by Health and Fitness History questionnaire

Participating in other studies that would interfere with their ability to safely complete the exercise protocols

History of smoking within the last 6 months

Timeline

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

2-4 weeks

Exercise Intervention

Participants engage in different exercise interventions including walking, variety, and progressive exercises for 150 minutes per week

4 weeks

Weekly check-ins (virtual or in-person)

Follow-up

Participants are monitored for adherence and acceptability of the exercise interventions

4 weeks

1 visit (in-person) for final assessment

Treatment Details

Interventions

• Progressive
• Variety
• Walking

Trial Overview The study is testing three types of exercise interventions: progressive exercises which gradually increase in intensity; walking programs; and varied workouts incorporating different activities. The aim is to see if variety helps people stick with the program.

Participant Groups

Group I: Variety Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Participants prescribed 150 minutes/week of moderate to vigorous variety of exercise. Each week participants will be prescribed a single different exercise (variety) which will include cycling, walking/jogging, yoga/Pilates, and cross-training.

Group II: Progressive Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Participants prescribed 150 minutes/week of moderate to vigorous exercise. The exercises include cycling, walking/jogging, yoga/Pilates, and cross-training, and each week another exercise will be added to the list of options for participants. Participants may choose from the list of exercise. They do not have to do them all, and they can do as much or little (none) of whatever they choose.

Group III: Walking Active Control 1 Intervention

Participants prescribed 150 minutes/week of moderate to vigorous walking.

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo

Lead Sponsor

Trials

33

Recruited

3,400+

Findings from Research

A 9-month trial involving 91 frail elderly participants showed that 3 months of supervised progressive resistance training (PRT) significantly improved muscle strength and increased fat-free mass compared to a control group.

Despite these improvements in strength and fat-free mass, PRT did not lead to significant changes in total or abdominal fat mass, indicating that while PRT is effective for building muscle, it may not be sufficient for fat loss in frail elderly individuals.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Effects of progressive resistance training on body composition in frail older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Binder, EF., Yarasheski, KE., Steger-May, K., et al.[2022]

Progressive resistance strength training (PRT) significantly improves muscle strength in older adults, with a strong effect size (SMD 0.68) based on 41 trials involving 1955 participants.

While PRT shows modest improvements in functional limitations like gait speed, it does not have a clear effect on overall physical disability, and the reporting of adverse events in studies is insufficient to assess safety risks.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. Latham, NK., Bennett, DA., Stretton, CM., et al.[2022]

A systematic review of 10 trials, including 5 randomized controlled trials, indicates that progressive resistance training (PRT) is safe and does not worsen lymphedema symptoms in women after breast cancer surgery.

PRT appears to provide health-related benefits for breast cancer survivors, suggesting it could be an effective part of post-surgery rehabilitation, although more robust studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and promote its use in clinical settings.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance training in breast cancer: a systematic review of clinical trials. Cheema, B., Gaul, CA., Lane, K., et al.[2022]

Progressive resistance strength training (PRT) significantly improves physical functioning and muscle strength in older adults, with a large effect size (SMD 0.84) based on a review of 121 trials involving 6700 participants.

While PRT is generally safe, with serious adverse events being rare, there were reports of musculoskeletal complaints, indicating the need for caution when applying these exercises in clinical settings.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Liu, CJ., Latham, NK.[2022]

Progressive resistance training is safe and well-accepted for older adults in a post-acute inpatient setting, with no serious adverse events reported during the study involving 33 patients.

The study showed good adherence (63%) and retention (82%) rates, indicating that older patients can engage with this type of training, although no significant differences in clinical outcomes were found between the treatment and control groups after six weeks.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance training in a post-acute, older, inpatient setting: A randomised controlled feasibility study. Coleman, SA., Cunningham, CJ., Murphy, N., et al.[2022]

In a review of 121 trials involving 6700 older adults, most adverse events related to progressive resistance strength training were musculoskeletal issues like muscle strains and joint pain, particularly in participants with pre-existing health conditions or those engaging in high-intensity training.

Adverse events were often underreported, highlighting the need for clearer definitions and consistent reporting in future studies to better inform practitioners about the risks and benefits of strength training in older adults.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Adverse events reported in progressive resistance strength training trials in older adults: 2 sides of a coin. Liu, CJ., Latham, N.[2010]

In a study involving 82 healthy older adults over 11 weeks of resistance training, all four methods of load progression (percent 1RM, RPE, RM, and RiR) were found to be equally effective in improving muscle strength and functional performance.

The RPE method was preferred by participants as it was perceived as more tolerable and enjoyable, making it the optimal choice for encouraging continued participation in resistance training among older adults.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Optimal Approach to Load Progressions during Strength Training in Older Adults. Buskard, ANL., Jacobs, KA., Eltoukhy, MM., et al.[2020]

Progressive resistance exercise (PRE) has been shown to significantly improve muscle force generation across various physical therapy conditions, with moderate to large effect sizes that can enhance daily activity performance.

While PRE is generally effective, further research is needed to explore any potential negative effects and to understand how to best translate these improvements into everyday life and societal participation.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance exercise in physical therapy: a summary of systematic reviews. Taylor, NF., Dodd, KJ., Damiano, DL.[2022]

In a study involving 167 older adults aged 65 to 96, group-based resistance training significantly improved lower-body flexibility, strength, and agility compared to home-based resistance training and walking programs.

Both home-based and group-based resistance training showed benefits in strength and flexibility, while the walking program did not lead to any improvements, highlighting the effectiveness of resistance training for functional performance in older adults.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Comparison of the effects of a home-based and group-based resistance training program on functional ability in older adults. Cyarto, EV., Brown, WJ., Marshall, AL., et al.[2008]

In a study involving 66 mobility-limited adults aged 80 and older, functional home exercise using repeated sit-to-stands significantly improved balance, as measured by the Berg Balance Scale, compared to a control group performing knee extensions.

While the improvement in balance was statistically significant, the change was modest, prompting questions about the clinical significance of such improvements in this population.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sit-to-stand as home exercise for mobility-limited adults over 80 years of age--GrandStand System may keep you standing? Rosie, J., Taylor, D.[2007]

In a study of 47 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, those who used a metronome to pace their walking (group A₁) showed significantly greater improvements in exercise capacity after one year compared to those who walked a fixed distance in a set time (group A₂).

The metronome-assisted walking method not only led to better performance in the 6-minute walk test but also resulted in higher overall physical activity levels, indicating that maintaining optimal exercise intensity is crucial for effective home exercise training.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A simple method for home exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: one-year study. Pomidori, L., Contoli, M., Mandolesi, G., et al.[2015]

Progressive resistance training significantly improves muscle strength and functional performance in older adults aged 80 to 89, even in those with chronic diseases and sedentary lifestyles, based on a review of 13 studies.

The training led to better outcomes in activities such as chair stands, stair climbing, gait speed, and balance, suggesting that this type of exercise is crucial for maintaining independence in daily activities for institutionalized elderly individuals.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Efficacy of progressive resistance training interventions in older adults in nursing homes: a systematic review. Valenzuela, T.[2022]

References

1. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Effects of progressive resistance training on body composition in frail older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. [2022]

2. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. [2022]

3. Netherlands pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance training in breast cancer: a systematic review of clinical trials. [2022]

4. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. [2022]

5. Greece pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance training in a post-acute, older, inpatient setting: A randomised controlled feasibility study. [2022]

6. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Adverse events reported in progressive resistance strength training trials in older adults: 2 sides of a coin. [2010]

7. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Optimal Approach to Load Progressions during Strength Training in Older Adults. [2020]

8. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Progressive resistance exercise in physical therapy: a summary of systematic reviews. [2022]

9. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Comparison of the effects of a home-based and group-based resistance training program on functional ability in older adults. [2008]

10. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sit-to-stand as home exercise for mobility-limited adults over 80 years of age--GrandStand System may keep you standing? [2007]

11. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A simple method for home exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: one-year study. [2015]

12. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Efficacy of progressive resistance training interventions in older adults in nursing homes: a systematic review. [2022]