rTMS + Virtual Reality Therapy for Mild Cognitive Impairment

(rTMS+iVCT Trial)

Overseen By Lasi McGhee

Age: 18+

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Academic

Sponsor: Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System

Must not be taking: Seizure medications, Ototoxic medications

Disqualifiers: Seizures, Stroke, Bipolar, others

No Placebo Group All trial participants will receive the active study treatment (no placebo)

Approved in 2 Jurisdictions This treatment is already approved in other countries

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 14

Duration: 2 weeks

50 Participants Needed

What You Need to Know Before You Apply

What is the purpose of this trial?

This trial explores whether combining brain stimulation with virtual reality training can improve thinking abilities and mood in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Participants will be divided into groups: one receiving only brain stimulation using rTMS (a non-invasive method that uses magnetic fields to stimulate the brain), another receiving both rTMS and virtual reality cognitive exercises, and a control group with no intervention. It targets individuals diagnosed with MCI, aged 55 or older, who meet specific cognitive criteria. As an unphased trial, this study offers participants a unique opportunity to contribute to innovative research that could enhance cognitive health in older adults.

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

The trial requires that you stop taking medications known to increase the risk of seizures and ototoxic medications (medications that can damage the ear). If you are on these medications, you may need to stop them to participate.

What prior data suggests that this combination of rTMS and iVCT is safe for individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment?

Research has shown that repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is generally safe for people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Studies indicate that rTMS is usually well-tolerated, with serious side effects being rare. Most people experience only minor issues, such as headaches or a tingling sensation on the scalp.

The combination of rTMS with immersive virtual reality cognitive training (iVCT) remains under study. Early research suggests it is safe, but more studies are needed for confirmation. Overall, current evidence on rTMS, especially when used alone, is promising for safety. For those considering joining this study, it appears to be a low-risk option based on current research. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Why are researchers excited about this trial?

Researchers are excited about rTMS combined with Virtual Reality Therapy for Mild Cognitive Impairment because it offers a novel, non-invasive approach to brain stimulation that might enhance cognitive function. Unlike traditional medications like cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine, which can have side effects and focus on slowing cognitive decline, rTMS uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, potentially improving memory and thinking skills. The addition of immersive Virtual Reality Therapy could further engage and challenge the brain in ways that standard therapies cannot, providing a dual-action approach that both stimulates and exercises cognitive pathways. This combination could offer a promising alternative for those who don't respond well to current treatments.

What evidence suggests that this trial's treatments could be effective for Mild Cognitive Impairment?

Studies have shown that repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) can improve thinking and memory in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Specifically, research indicates that rTMS led to noticeable improvements in memory and cognitive test scores. In this trial, one group will receive rTMS treatment alone, while another group will receive a combination of rTMS and Virtual Reality cognitive training (iVCT). Early findings suggest that combining rTMS with iVCT might further enhance thinking skills. Using rTMS and virtual reality together has improved memory and other cognitive abilities. Overall, these treatments show promise for boosting brain function in those with MCI. ^{1 5 6 7 8}

Are You a Good Fit for This Trial?

This trial is for adults over 55 with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) who score at least 18 on the MoCA test. It's not suitable for those with implanted devices, under 55, seizure risks, history of certain neurological issues, or sensitivity to light and sound.

Inclusion Criteria

I am 55 years old or older.

You have previously been diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

My mental function score is 18 or higher.

Exclusion Criteria

I or my close family members have had seizures.

You have a history of Tourette's syndrome or currently experience uncontrollable body movements.

I have had a stroke, aneurysm, or brain surgery in the past.

Timeline for a Trial Participant

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

2-4 weeks

1 visit (in-person)

Baseline Assessment

Participants undergo baseline assessment to evaluate cognitive, emotional, and functional abilities

1 week

1 visit (in-person)

Treatment

Participants receive rTMS or rTMS+iVCT treatment for 5 days a week for 2 weeks

2 weeks

10 visits (in-person)

Post-treatment Assessment

Participants repeat testing to assess treatment-related changes

2 weeks

1 visit (in-person)

Follow-up

Participants are monitored for safety and effectiveness after treatment

3 months

1 visit (in-person)

What Are the Treatments Tested in This Trial?

Interventions

• iVCT
• rTMS

Trial Overview The study tests if brain stimulation (rTMS) combined with virtual reality cognitive training (iVCT) can improve cognition and mood in MCI patients more effectively than rTMS alone or no treatment.

How Is the Trial Designed?

Group I: rTMS+iVCT Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

This group will be randomized to receive rTMS and iVCT treatment

Group II: rTMS Active Control 1 Intervention

This group will be randomized to receive rTMS treatment

Group III: Standard Treatment Active Control 1 Intervention

This arm will be followed without intervention

rTMS is already approved in United States, European Union for the following indications:

Approved in United States as rTMS for:

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Migraines
• Smoking cessation

Approved in European Union as rTMS for:

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Major Depressive Disorder

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System

Lead Sponsor

Trials

24

Recruited

343,000+

Published Research Related to This Trial

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may significantly improve global cognitive function and memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), based on a meta-analysis of nine studies involving 369 patients.

While rTMS shows promise for cognitive enhancement, it is associated with a higher rate of mild adverse effects compared to control groups, indicating that while generally safe, monitoring for side effects is important.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Improving Cognitive Function in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Jiang, L., Cui, H., Zhang, C., et al.[2021]

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can enhance brain excitability and potentially improve conditions like stroke, Parkinson's disease, and depression, as discussed in a 2010 symposium with insights from both animal studies and small clinical trials.

While there is significant interest and some signs of therapeutic success with rTMS, the current models explaining its effects may need refinement to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and outcomes observed in various studies.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brain stimulation and brain repair--rTMS: from animal experiment to clinical trials--what do we know? Platz, T., Rothwell, JC.[2013]

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) significantly improves cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer's Disease (AD), with a mean effect size of 1.17 based on a meta-analysis of 12 studies involving 438 participants.

The most effective rTMS protocol involved 10 Hz frequency and stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 20 sessions, showing lasting cognitive benefits for up to one month after treatment, particularly for patients with MCI.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cognitive Enhancement of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Xie, Y., Li, Y., Nie, L., et al.[2021]

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can effectively improve cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in dementia patients, as demonstrated in a case where a patient showed significant improvement after switching from 1 Hz to 10 Hz rTMS.

While rTMS is generally beneficial, it can lead to adverse reactions such as seizures; however, adjusting the treatment parameters (like reducing the frequency) can help mitigate these risks and continue to improve patient outcomes.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a case report. Yang, Z., Zhou, Y.[2023]

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HFrTMS) showed significant short-term improvements in general cognition for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), while anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) also had positive effects, but to a lesser extent.

Cognitive training during rTMS or tDCS may negatively impact general cognition, and the best responses to these treatments were observed in patients with AD rather than those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cognitive effects and acceptability of non-invasive brain stimulation on Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a component network meta-analysis. Chu, CS., Li, CT., Brunoni, AR., et al.[2021]

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has gained popularity for its ability to modulate brain activity, but safety considerations are crucial, especially with the recent updates to safety guidelines published in 2021.

The guidelines emphasize the importance of screening for risks, monitoring for adverse events, and specific safety measures when using rTMS, particularly in patients with conditions like stroke and traumatic brain injury.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Safety Review for Clinical Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Kim, WS., Paik, NJ.[2023]

In a double-blind, sham-controlled trial involving 24 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) significantly improved cognitive function as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment after 4 weeks of treatment.

The rTMS treatment also led to notable changes in brain activity, specifically increasing the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in key cognitive areas, suggesting that rTMS may enhance cognitive function by altering brain activity patterns.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Neuroimaging mechanisms of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind randomized sham-controlled trial. Yuan, LQ., Zeng, Q., Wang, D., et al.[2021]

In a pilot study involving 30 Alzheimer's disease patients, focal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) using the H2-coil showed a trend toward improved cognitive function, with a mean decrease of -1.01 points on the ADAS-Cog scale after treatment, although this effect was not sustained two months post-treatment.

The study indicates that rTMS with the H2-coil is safe and feasible for Alzheimer's patients, suggesting potential cognitive benefits that warrant further investigation in larger trials, especially when combined with cognitive rehabilitation.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation With H-Coil in Alzheimer's Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Leocani, L., Dalla Costa, G., Coppi, E., et al.[2021]

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a powerful tool that can effectively treat clinical depression and potentially other brain disorders, but it carries risks, including the potential to induce seizures, as evidenced by 7 known cases by 1996.

A workshop established safety guidelines for rTMS, emphasizing the importance of monitoring, ethical considerations, and the expertise required for its administration to minimize risks and enhance therapeutic outcomes.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Wassermann, EM.[2022]

In a preliminary study involving 27 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), high-frequency rTMS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly improved cognitive functions, specifically semantic fluency and visuo-spatial performance, compared to a sham group.

The study also found that rTMS led to increased functional connectivity in brain networks associated with executive functions, suggesting a potential mechanism for counteracting cognitive decline in MCI, although no significant changes in regional brain atrophy were observed over six months.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex May Influence Semantic Fluency and Functional Connectivity in Fronto-Parietal Network in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Esposito, S., Trojsi, F., Cirillo, G., et al.[2022]

In a study involving 40 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 10 sessions of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly improved memory performance compared to a sham treatment.

The improvement in memory was linked to changes in brain activity and connectivity, specifically increased activity in certain brain regions and altered functional connectivity, suggesting that rTMS may enhance memory by modulating neuronal networks.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

High-Frequency rTMS Could Improve Impaired Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients in China: A Randomized Controlled Study. Wang, T., Guo, Z., Wu, H., et al.[2023]

In a study of 30 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, those receiving real rTMS combined with cognitive training showed significant improvements in cognitive function and behavior compared to a sham treatment group after 4 weeks.

The study found that the N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratio in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) increased significantly in the real rTMS group, suggesting potential neuronal benefits associated with improved cognitive outcomes.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training improves cognitive function and cortical metabolic ratios in Alzheimer's disease. Zhang, F., Qin, Y., Xie, L., et al.[2020]

Citations

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Mild ... The results of the reviewed studies suggested that rTMS in MCI patients is safe and effective for enhancing cognitive functions, thus making it a potential ...

2. frontiersin.org frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436448/full

The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic and ... The results suggest that both rTMS and tDCS improved memory functions in patients with MCI compared with sham stimulation, but the efficacy of ...

3. journals.lww.com journals.lww.com/jops/fulltext/2025/01000/effectiveness_of_repetitive_transcranial_magnetic.12.aspx

Effectiveness of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic... The study found that active rTMS led to significant improvement in MMSE scores in people with MCI and early AD.

4. sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1041610225002431

Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation on ... The reviewed studies provide favorable evidence of improved cognition with TMS across all groups with cognitive impairment.

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Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in ... This study shows that rTMS can improve cognitive function in patients with MCI, especially when applied at high frequency, multi-site, and for a prolonged ...

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of major depression.

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Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on ... TMS was safe and well tolerated with infrequent serious adverse events. Keywords: cognition, dementia, meta-analysis, MCI, mild cognitive ...

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Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Elderly ... This study is a randomized controlled trial. We randomly assigned 30 patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia to the high-frequency transcranial ...