Snack Types for Satiety

Overseen By Mee Young Hong

Age: 18 - 65

Sex: Any

Trial Phase: Academic

Sponsor: San Diego State University

Disqualifiers: Smoker, Pregnant, Dietary supplements, others

No Placebo Group All trial participants will receive the active study treatment (no placebo)

Compensation: Varies

Number of Visits: 2

Duration: 1 day

160 Participants Needed

Trial Summary

What is the purpose of this trial?

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of different type of snack consumption on postprandial satiety, glucose, insulin, antioxidant capacity and anxiety in healthy subjects.

Will I have to stop taking my current medications?

The trial does not specify if you need to stop taking your current medications, but if you require medication for metabolic disorders, you cannot participate.

What data supports the effectiveness of the treatment Snack Types for Satiety?

Research suggests that choosing specific types of snacks can help control appetite and improve diet quality. For example, a study found that certain cookies can influence satiety and potentially impact cardiovascular risk factors, indicating that snack choices can play a role in managing hunger and health. ^{1 2 3 4 5}

Is snacking generally safe for humans?

The research suggests that snacking can be part of a healthy diet, contributing important nutrients, but it can also lead to excess energy intake and weight gain if not managed properly. The safety of snacking depends on the type of snacks chosen and the context in which they are consumed. ^{1 6 7 8 9}

How does the Snack Types treatment differ from other treatments for satiety?

The Snack Types treatment is unique because it focuses on using specific types of snacks to manage feelings of fullness (satiety), which can help control appetite and potentially influence diet quality and energy balance. Unlike traditional treatments that might focus on meal planning or medication, this approach leverages the timing and composition of snacks to improve nutrient intake and manage hunger. ^{1 2 3 6 9}

Eligibility Criteria

This trial is for healthy individuals aged 18-55 who are not pregnant, do not smoke, and are free from metabolic disorders requiring medication. Participants must not have allergies to nuts or gluten and should not be taking dietary supplements.

Inclusion Criteria

18-55 years old

Exclusion Criteria

Pregnant woman

You are a person who smokes cigarettes.

Required medication of metabolic disorders

Timeline

Screening

Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial

1-2 weeks

Treatment

Participants consume different types of snacks to examine postprandial responses

1 day

1 visit (in-person)

Follow-up

Participants are monitored for changes in insulin, glucose, antioxidant levels, satiety, and anxiety post snack consumption

2 hours

1 visit (in-person)

Treatment Details

Interventions

• Snack Types

Trial Overview The study is examining how different snacks—dried mango, pretzels, Brazil nuts, mixed nuts, potato chips, white bread, and fresh mango—affect feelings of fullness and the body's blood sugar and insulin levels after eating.

Participant Groups

Group I: Mixed nuts Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume mixed nuts to examine postprandial response

Group II: Mango fruit Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume fresh mango to examine postprandial response

Group III: Dried mango Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume dried mango to examine postprandial response

Group IV: Brazil nuts Experimental Treatment 1 Intervention

Subjects consume Brazil nuts to examine postprandial response

Group V: Potato chips Active Control 1 Intervention

Subjects consume potato chips to examine postprandial response

Group VI: Pretzels Active Control 1 Intervention

Subjects consume pretzels to examine postprandial response

Group VII: White bread Active Control 1 Intervention

Subjects consume white bread to examine postprandial response

Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?

San Diego State University

Lead Sponsor

Trials

182

Recruited

119,000+

Findings from Research

The review highlights the importance of clearly defining 'meals' versus 'snacks,' as this distinction can significantly influence food choices and satiety, impacting overall dietary habits.

It suggests that policymakers should promote specific healthful snacks to help address nutrient deficiencies and excesses, particularly in relation to cardiometabolic health markers like lipid profiles and weight.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

What Is a Snack, Why Do We Snack, and How Can We Choose Better Snacks? A Review of the Definitions of Snacking, Motivations to Snack, Contributions to Dietary Intake, and Recommendations for Improvement. Hess, JM., Jonnalagadda, SS., Slavin, JL.[2023]

A study involving 38 patients found that a FOS-enriched cookie significantly increased feelings of satiety compared to a control cookie, both immediately after consumption and after one month of treatment.

The FOS-enriched cookie did not affect cardiovascular risk factors or overall dietary intake, suggesting it can be a safe option for enhancing appetite control without negative health impacts.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Double blind randomized clinical trial controlled by placebo with a fos enriched cookie on saciety and cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients. de Luis, DA., de la Fuente, B., Izaola, O., et al.[2022]

Snack foods, often seen as unhealthy, can be strategically used by pediatricians to help children, especially those with eating difficulties, explore new tastes and improve their diet diversity.

While savory snacks are generally better than sweet ones, and dry snacks are preferred over liquid ones, care must be taken as many snacks can be high in sugar or fat, potentially leading to obesity if they replace healthier family meals.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Uses and abuses of snack foods in child health. Wright, CM.[2018]

Snacking accounts for about 20% of energy intake in the American diet, with most adults consuming one to three snacks per day, highlighting its significance in dietary habits.

The review identified key factors influencing snacking, such as food quality, convenience, and time of day, suggesting that choosing healthier snacks can enhance overall diet quality and support weight management.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Snacking Consumption among Adults in the United States: A Scoping Review. Enriquez, JP., Gollub, E.[2023]

In a study involving 77 first- and sixth-graders, reducing the size of cookies offered led to a 25% decrease in the amount of food consumed, which corresponds to a reduction of 68 calories.

This suggests that smaller portion sizes could be an effective strategy to help reduce overall energy intake and combat obesity-related eating behaviors.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Split them!" smaller item sizes of cookies lead to a decrease in energy intake in children. Marchiori, D., Waroquier, L., Klein, O.[2016]

Snacking can have both positive and negative effects on diet quality and body weight, depending on the context and choices made; it can provide essential nutrients for healthy individuals but may lead to excessive energy intake in obese individuals.

Interventions to improve snacking habits should focus on both the types of foods chosen and the behaviors surrounding eating, such as eating in response to external cues rather than hunger.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance. Bellisle, F.[2014]

In a study involving 45 healthy men over 12 weeks, snacking on almonds led to a higher eating frequency compared to cereal bars, but did not increase overall energy intake or body weight.

The results suggest that choosing almonds as a snack can help maintain satiety without contributing to weight gain, indicating that the body may compensate for the extra eating by reducing overall energy intake.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The effect of including a conventional snack (cereal bar) and a nonconventional snack (almonds) on hunger, eating frequency, dietary intake and body weight. Zaveri, S., Drummond, S.[2015]

The study analyzed 2283 single-serving snack products from major UK supermarkets and coffee shops, finding that the average energy content was 186 kcal, with coffee shop snacks averaging significantly higher at 282 kcal compared to 167 kcal for supermarket snacks.

A large percentage of snacks exceeded recommended energy limits, with 79% of supermarket snacks and 91% of coffee shop snacks exceeding the 100 kcal guideline for children, indicating a potential link to increased energy intake and obesity.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The energy and nutritional content of snacks sold at supermarkets and coffee shops in the UK. Marty, L., Evans, R., Sheen, F., et al.[2022]

Snacking can actually contribute significantly to the overall nutrient quality of a diet, challenging the common belief that snacks only provide 'empty calories'.

Frequent snackers tend to consume more food overall, indicating that understanding the definitions and cultural perceptions of 'meals' and 'snacks' is crucial for interpreting nutritional data and improving health education.

NCBI (Pubmed)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eating frequency: methodological and dietary aspects. Gatenby, SJ.[2019]

References

1. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

What Is a Snack, Why Do We Snack, and How Can We Choose Better Snacks? A Review of the Definitions of Snacking, Motivations to Snack, Contributions to Dietary Intake, and Recommendations for Improvement. [2023]

2. Spain pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Double blind randomized clinical trial controlled by placebo with a fos enriched cookie on saciety and cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients. [2022]

3. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Uses and abuses of snack foods in child health. [2018]

4. Switzerland pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Snacking Consumption among Adults in the United States: A Scoping Review. [2023]

5. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Split them!" smaller item sizes of cookies lead to a decrease in energy intake in children. [2016]

6. United States pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance. [2014]

7. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The effect of including a conventional snack (cereal bar) and a nonconventional snack (almonds) on hunger, eating frequency, dietary intake and body weight. [2015]

8. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The energy and nutritional content of snacks sold at supermarkets and coffee shops in the UK. [2022]

9. England pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eating frequency: methodological and dietary aspects. [2019]